Data from: Why does noise reduce response to alarm calls? Experimental assessment of masking, distraction and greater vigilance in wild birds

1. Environmental noise from anthropogenic and other sources affects many aspects of animal ecology and behaviour, including acoustic communication. Acoustic masking is often assumed in field studies to be the cause of compromised communication in noise, but other mechanisms could have similar effects. 2. We tested experimentally how background noise disrupted the response to conspecific alarm calls in wild superb fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus, assessing the effects of acoustic masking, distraction and changes in vigilance. We first examined the birds’ response to alarm-call playbacks accompanied by different amplitudes of background noise that overlapped the calls in acoustic frequency. We then scored and videoed their response to alarm calls in two types of background noise, that did or did not overlap call frequency, but were broadcast at a constant amplitude. 3. Birds were less likely to flee to alarm calls in higher amplitudes of overlapping noise, demonstrating that noise itself compromised communication independently of environmental correlates. Background noise affected the response only if it overlapped in frequency with the alarm calls, implying that the effect was not due to distraction. Further, birds were equally vigilant during background noise of overlapping or non-overlapping frequency, indicating that the lack of response to alarm calls in overlapping noise was not due to enhanced vigilance and awareness that there was no predator. 4. We conclude that alarm-call reception was compromised by masking, a mechanism that is often assumed but rarely tested in an ecological context. Masking compromised reception of high-frequency ‘aerial’ alarm calls and so could reduce survival in background noise of similar frequency. While anthropogenic noise, which is often of lower frequency, is unlikely to affect communication with these calls, it could affect reception of acoustic cues of danger, or other conspecific or heterospecific alarm calls.,Dryad Exp 1 Zhou et alResults of Experiment 1, examining the effects of playback of noise of different amplitudes on the response to aerial alarm calls. The noise overlapped the frequency of the alarm calls (6–10 kHz; alarm call peak frequency mean 9.1 kHz). Noise amplitudes ranged from 52–61 dB at 10 m, while alarm calls were broadcast at 52 dB at 10 m. Each location received a unique set of every type of playback. Playbacks included alarm calls mixed with noise, and control playbacks of noise alone or alarm calls alone. The amplitude of ambient noise was measured after each playback.Dryad Exp 2 Zhou et alData for Experiment 2, examining the effect of noise of different frequencies, but constant amplitude (58 dB at 10 m), on the response to aerial alarm calls (52 dB at 10 m). Alarm calls have a mean peak frequency of c 9.1 kHz. Noise was of a frequency that either overlapped with the alarm calls (6–10 kHz) or did not overlap the alarm calls (2–6 kHz). The data also include the proportion of time the focal bird had its head up in the 10 s of noise immediately before the alarm call. Each location received a unique set of every playback type. Playbacks included alarm calls mixed with noise, and control playbacks of noise alone or alarm calls alone. The amplitude of ambient noise was recorded after each playback.,