A machine learning algorithm-based risk prediction score for in-hospital/30-day mortality after adult cardiac surgery

Abstract
OBJECTIVES
A study of the performance of in-hospital/30-day mortality risk prediction models using an alternative machine learning algorithm (XGBoost) in adults undergoing cardiac surgery.

METHODS
Retrospective analyses of prospectively routinely collected data on adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the UK from January 2012 to March 2019. Data were temporally split 70:30 into training and validation subsets. Independent mortality prediction models were created using sequential backward floating selection starting with 61 variables. Assessments of discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility of the resultant XGBoost model with 23 variables were then conducted.

RESULTS
A total of 224,318 adults underwent cardiac surgery during the study period with a 2.76% (N = 6,100) mortality. In the testing cohort, there was good discrimination (area under the receiver operator curve 0.846, F1 0.277) and calibration (especially in high-risk patients). Decision curve analysis showed XGBoost-23 had a net benefit till a threshold probability of 60%. The most important variables were the type of operation, age, creatinine clearance, urgency of the procedure and the New York Heart Association score.

CONCLUSIONS
Feature-selected XGBoost showed good discrimination, calibration and clinical benefit when predicting mortality post-cardiac surgery. Prospective external validation of a XGBoost-derived model performance is warranted.