A macro-scale ruck and tuck mechanism for deformation in ion-irradiated polycrystalline graphite

Dong Liu; David Cherns; Steve Johns; Yan Zhou; Junliang Liu; Wei-Ying Chen; Ian J Griffiths; Chinnathambi Karthik; Meimei Li; Martin Kuball; Joshua Kane; William Windes

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.086

A macro-scale ruck and tuck mechanism for deformation in ion-irradiated polycrystalline graphite

Dong Liu^*, David Cherns, Steve Johns, Yan Zhou, Junliang Liu, Wei-Ying Chen, Ian J Griffiths, Chinnathambi Karthik, Meimei Li, Martin Kuball, Joshua Kane, William Windes

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article (Academic Journal) › peer-review

31 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

A vein structure, which becomes more pronounced with increasing ion dose, was found on the surface of polycrystalline HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) implanted by ex situ C⁺ (up to 1.8 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm²), and in situ Ar⁺ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). These veins are found to be independent of the crystallographic orientations and are associated with the formation of pores. Underneath the veins, a triangular-shaped core was formed with the graphite platelet inside the core displaced up towards the surface. A macro-scale ‘ruck&tuck’ geometry was thus generated at these triangle structure boundaries. Progressive movement of dislocations along basal planes during irradiation was observed, and a mechanistic model was proposed on this basis to explain the vein formation. A small increase of c-spacing was observed with irradiation but it is believed that macro-scale vein formation plays a more vital role in the dimensional and property changes in polycrystalline graphite, especially when a stress gradient is present. The model proposed also explains the change of thermal expansion in HOPG with irradiation. Together with Heggie’s ‘ruck&tuck’ and Barsoum’s ‘ripplocations’ models, the present model is considered to have provided an additional experimentally proven mechanism responsible for irradiation behaviour in graphite materials.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	215-231
Number of pages	17
Journal	Carbon
Volume	173
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.086
Publication status	Published - 1 Mar 2021

Bibliographical note

The authors acknowledge the access to Surrey Ion Beam Centre and the dedicated support provided by Dr. Nianhuan Peng. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the NSUF funding ‘In situ Study of the Irradiation Anisotropy in Fine Grain Nuclear-grade Graphite (#1393)’ for beamtime at Argonne IVEM-Tandem User Facility. The authors thank Dr. Jing Hu (ANL) for the advice on proposal writing and discussions on experimental setup and Mr Peter Baldo (ANL, USA) for dedication on the operation of the ion accelerator during the experiment. D.L. acknowledges the support provided by EPSRC Postdoctoral Fellowship Award (EP/N004493/1 and EP/N004493/2) and Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 via 2015 Brunel Fellowship Award. D.L. thanks Prof. Barry Marsden for the discussion on crystal CTE of graphite, Mr. Ming Jiang (Bristol University) for the SRIM calibration and help on the coherent length calculation, and Mr. Yuke Cao (Bristol University) for assistant with the Raman spectroscopy measurements. S.J. and C.K. acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy’s EPSCoR-State/National Laboratory Partnership Program (Award # DE-SC0016427). Finally, the authors acknowledge the use of characterisation facilities within the David
Cockayne Centre for Electron Microscopy, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, alongside financial support provided by the Henry Royce Institute (Grant ref EP/R010145/1).

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8098 EPSRC Dong Liu Fellowship
Liu, L. (Principal Investigator)
1/07/18 → 31/01/19
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@article{c11d7536552142279e57493292ffc87d,

title = "A macro-scale ruck and tuck mechanism for deformation in ion-irradiated polycrystalline graphite",

abstract = "A vein structure, which becomes more pronounced with increasing ion dose, was found on the surface of polycrystalline HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) implanted by ex situ C+ (up to 1.8 × 1017 ions/cm2), and in situ Ar+ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). These veins are found to be independent of the crystallographic orientations and are associated with the formation of pores. Underneath the veins, a triangular-shaped core was formed with the graphite platelet inside the core displaced up towards the surface. A macro-scale {\textquoteleft}ruck&tuck{\textquoteright} geometry was thus generated at these triangle structure boundaries. Progressive movement of dislocations along basal planes during irradiation was observed, and a mechanistic model was proposed on this basis to explain the vein formation. A small increase of c-spacing was observed with irradiation but it is believed that macro-scale vein formation plays a more vital role in the dimensional and property changes in polycrystalline graphite, especially when a stress gradient is present. The model proposed also explains the change of thermal expansion in HOPG with irradiation. Together with Heggie{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteleft}ruck&tuck{\textquoteright} and Barsoum{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteleft}ripplocations{\textquoteright} models, the present model is considered to have provided an additional experimentally proven mechanism responsible for irradiation behaviour in graphite materials.",

author = "Dong Liu and David Cherns and Steve Johns and Yan Zhou and Junliang Liu and Wei-Ying Chen and Griffiths, {Ian J} and Chinnathambi Karthik and Meimei Li and Martin Kuball and Joshua Kane and William Windes",

note = "The authors acknowledge the access to Surrey Ion Beam Centre and the dedicated support provided by Dr. Nianhuan Peng. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the NSUF funding {\textquoteleft}In situ Study of the Irradiation Anisotropy in Fine Grain Nuclear-grade Graphite (#1393){\textquoteright} for beamtime at Argonne IVEM-Tandem User Facility. The authors thank Dr. Jing Hu (ANL) for the advice on proposal writing and discussions on experimental setup and Mr Peter Baldo (ANL, USA) for dedication on the operation of the ion accelerator during the experiment. D.L. acknowledges the support provided by EPSRC Postdoctoral Fellowship Award (EP/N004493/1 and EP/N004493/2) and Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 via 2015 Brunel Fellowship Award. D.L. thanks Prof. Barry Marsden for the discussion on crystal CTE of graphite, Mr. Ming Jiang (Bristol University) for the SRIM calibration and help on the coherent length calculation, and Mr. Yuke Cao (Bristol University) for assistant with the Raman spectroscopy measurements. S.J. and C.K. acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s EPSCoR-State/National Laboratory Partnership Program (Award # DE-SC0016427). Finally, the authors acknowledge the use of characterisation facilities within the David Cockayne Centre for Electron Microscopy, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, alongside financial support provided by the Henry Royce Institute (Grant ref EP/R010145/1).",

year = "2021",

month = mar,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.086",

language = "English",

volume = "173",

pages = "215--231",

journal = "Carbon",

issn = "0008-6223",

publisher = "Elsevier Inc.",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - A macro-scale ruck and tuck mechanism for deformation in ion-irradiated polycrystalline graphite

AU - Liu, Dong

AU - Cherns, David

AU - Johns, Steve

AU - Zhou, Yan

AU - Liu, Junliang

AU - Chen, Wei-Ying

AU - Griffiths, Ian J

AU - Karthik, Chinnathambi

AU - Li, Meimei

AU - Kuball, Martin

AU - Kane, Joshua

AU - Windes, William

N1 - The authors acknowledge the access to Surrey Ion Beam Centre and the dedicated support provided by Dr. Nianhuan Peng. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the NSUF funding ‘In situ Study of the Irradiation Anisotropy in Fine Grain Nuclear-grade Graphite (#1393)’ for beamtime at Argonne IVEM-Tandem User Facility. The authors thank Dr. Jing Hu (ANL) for the advice on proposal writing and discussions on experimental setup and Mr Peter Baldo (ANL, USA) for dedication on the operation of the ion accelerator during the experiment. D.L. acknowledges the support provided by EPSRC Postdoctoral Fellowship Award (EP/N004493/1 and EP/N004493/2) and Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 via 2015 Brunel Fellowship Award. D.L. thanks Prof. Barry Marsden for the discussion on crystal CTE of graphite, Mr. Ming Jiang (Bristol University) for the SRIM calibration and help on the coherent length calculation, and Mr. Yuke Cao (Bristol University) for assistant with the Raman spectroscopy measurements. S.J. and C.K. acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy’s EPSCoR-State/National Laboratory Partnership Program (Award # DE-SC0016427). Finally, the authors acknowledge the use of characterisation facilities within the David Cockayne Centre for Electron Microscopy, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, alongside financial support provided by the Henry Royce Institute (Grant ref EP/R010145/1).

PY - 2021/3/1

Y1 - 2021/3/1

N2 - A vein structure, which becomes more pronounced with increasing ion dose, was found on the surface of polycrystalline HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) implanted by ex situ C+ (up to 1.8 × 1017 ions/cm2), and in situ Ar+ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). These veins are found to be independent of the crystallographic orientations and are associated with the formation of pores. Underneath the veins, a triangular-shaped core was formed with the graphite platelet inside the core displaced up towards the surface. A macro-scale ‘ruck&tuck’ geometry was thus generated at these triangle structure boundaries. Progressive movement of dislocations along basal planes during irradiation was observed, and a mechanistic model was proposed on this basis to explain the vein formation. A small increase of c-spacing was observed with irradiation but it is believed that macro-scale vein formation plays a more vital role in the dimensional and property changes in polycrystalline graphite, especially when a stress gradient is present. The model proposed also explains the change of thermal expansion in HOPG with irradiation. Together with Heggie’s ‘ruck&tuck’ and Barsoum’s ‘ripplocations’ models, the present model is considered to have provided an additional experimentally proven mechanism responsible for irradiation behaviour in graphite materials.

AB - A vein structure, which becomes more pronounced with increasing ion dose, was found on the surface of polycrystalline HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) implanted by ex situ C+ (up to 1.8 × 1017 ions/cm2), and in situ Ar+ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). These veins are found to be independent of the crystallographic orientations and are associated with the formation of pores. Underneath the veins, a triangular-shaped core was formed with the graphite platelet inside the core displaced up towards the surface. A macro-scale ‘ruck&tuck’ geometry was thus generated at these triangle structure boundaries. Progressive movement of dislocations along basal planes during irradiation was observed, and a mechanistic model was proposed on this basis to explain the vein formation. A small increase of c-spacing was observed with irradiation but it is believed that macro-scale vein formation plays a more vital role in the dimensional and property changes in polycrystalline graphite, especially when a stress gradient is present. The model proposed also explains the change of thermal expansion in HOPG with irradiation. Together with Heggie’s ‘ruck&tuck’ and Barsoum’s ‘ripplocations’ models, the present model is considered to have provided an additional experimentally proven mechanism responsible for irradiation behaviour in graphite materials.

U2 - 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.086

DO - 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.086

M3 - Article (Academic Journal)

SN - 0008-6223

VL - 173

SP - 215

EP - 231

JO - Carbon

JF - Carbon

ER -

A macro-scale ruck and tuck mechanism for deformation in ion-irradiated polycrystalline graphite

Abstract

Bibliographical note

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8098 EPSRC Dong Liu Fellowship

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