A Model of Climate Governance: Canada's Interorganizational Complex Framework

How should we think about Canada’s climate governance? My claim is that we should think about Canada’s climate governance as an interorganizational complex of state and non-state governance. State and non-state governance are broad labels for making sense of the concept of governance from the perspective of the role government plays, but the lack of consensus on what governance means makes their boundaries debatable. Nonetheless, we can frame these labels within the theoretical governance discourse. Building on the taxonomy of Baldwin, Scott, and Hood, I frame state and non-state governance as degrees in a continuum with pure command-and-control (CAC), involving not only administrative regulation but also market regulation and litigation, and the broader concept of social control, which infers the self-governance capacity of a social group, at the extremes. Varying degrees of state and non-state governance would appear along this continuum. I introduce CAC and social control below, then apply them to Canada to answer my central question and build my claim.