A review of surface functionalisation of diamond for thermionic emission applications

Michael James; Fabian Fogarty; Ramiz Zulkharnay; Neil A Fox; Paul W May

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.09.019

A review of surface functionalisation of diamond for thermionic emission applications

Michael James, Fabian Fogarty, Ramiz Zulkharnay, Neil A Fox, Paul W May^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article (Academic Journal) › peer-review

32 Citations (Scopus)

179 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Surface functionalisation of diamond can produce negative electron affinity (NEA), where the conduction band lies higher in energy than the vacuum level. Hydrogen termination is well-known to produce NEA on diamond but can be removed by temperatures above ∼700 °C, making it unsuitable for diamond-based thermionic applications, where high temperatures are converted into electricity via an electron emission process. In this review article we give an overview of thermionic emission, describe the potential applications of diamond-based thermionic energy converters, then review the different surface termination schemes that can provide a diamond surface with NEA. We discuss the relative merits of the different NEA surfaces that have been developed both computationally and experimentally as alternative cathode materials for thermionic devices.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	532-550
Number of pages	19
Journal	Carbon
Volume	171
Early online date	9 Sept 2020
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.09.019
Publication status	Published - 1 Jan 2021

Keywords

Diamond
thermionic emission
negative electron affinity
functionalisation

Access to Document

10.1016/j.carbon.2020.09.019

Full-text PDF (author’s accepted manuscript)
This is the author accepted manuscript (AAM). The final published version (version of record) is available online via Elsevier at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622320308678 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher.
Accepted author manuscript, 1.7 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

Handle.net

Persistent link

32 Citations
6 Article (Academic Journal)

Oxygen-terminated diamond: insights into the correlation between surface oxygen configurations and work function values
Zulkharnay, R., Zulpukarova, G. & May, P. W., 15 Jun 2024, In: Applied Surface Science. 658, 9 p., 159776.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article (Academic Journal) › peer-review

Open Access
3 Citations (Scopus)
Experimental studies of electron affinity and work function from titanium on oxidised diamond (100) surfaces
Fogarty, F., Fox, N. A. & May, P. W., 31 Dec 2022, In: Functional Diamond. 2, 1, p. 103-111 9 p.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article (Academic Journal) › peer-review

Open Access
Experimental Studies of Electron Affinity and Work Function from Aluminium on Oxidized Diamond (100) and (111) Surfaces
May, P. W., James, M. C., Cattelan, M., Fox, N. A., Silva, R. & Silva, R., 1 Jul 2021, In: physica status solidi (b). 258, 7, 13 p., 2100027.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article (Academic Journal) › peer-review

Open Access
File
6 Citations (Scopus)

66 Downloads (Pure)

1 Finished

NanoESCA II: NanoESCA-Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis imaged at the Nanoscale (full application)
Fox, N. A.
1/05/15 → 30/04/20
Project: Research

Cite this

@article{17320738b9a54d9880369eb518da603b,

title = "A review of surface functionalisation of diamond for thermionic emission applications",

abstract = "Surface functionalisation of diamond can produce negative electron affinity (NEA), where the conduction band lies higher in energy than the vacuum level. Hydrogen termination is well-known to produce NEA on diamond but can be removed by temperatures above ∼700 °C, making it unsuitable for diamond-based thermionic applications, where high temperatures are converted into electricity via an electron emission process. In this review article we give an overview of thermionic emission, describe the potential applications of diamond-based thermionic energy converters, then review the different surface termination schemes that can provide a diamond surface with NEA. We discuss the relative merits of the different NEA surfaces that have been developed both computationally and experimentally as alternative cathode materials for thermionic devices.",

keywords = "Diamond, thermionic emission, negative electron affinity, functionalisation",

author = "Michael James and Fabian Fogarty and Ramiz Zulkharnay and Fox, {Neil A} and May, {Paul W}",

year = "2021",

month = jan,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1016/j.carbon.2020.09.019",

language = "English",

volume = "171",

pages = "532--550",

journal = "Carbon",

issn = "0008-6223",

publisher = "Elsevier Inc.",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - A review of surface functionalisation of diamond for thermionic emission applications

AU - James, Michael

AU - Fogarty, Fabian

AU - Zulkharnay, Ramiz

AU - Fox, Neil A

AU - May, Paul W

PY - 2021/1/1

Y1 - 2021/1/1

N2 - Surface functionalisation of diamond can produce negative electron affinity (NEA), where the conduction band lies higher in energy than the vacuum level. Hydrogen termination is well-known to produce NEA on diamond but can be removed by temperatures above ∼700 °C, making it unsuitable for diamond-based thermionic applications, where high temperatures are converted into electricity via an electron emission process. In this review article we give an overview of thermionic emission, describe the potential applications of diamond-based thermionic energy converters, then review the different surface termination schemes that can provide a diamond surface with NEA. We discuss the relative merits of the different NEA surfaces that have been developed both computationally and experimentally as alternative cathode materials for thermionic devices.

AB - Surface functionalisation of diamond can produce negative electron affinity (NEA), where the conduction band lies higher in energy than the vacuum level. Hydrogen termination is well-known to produce NEA on diamond but can be removed by temperatures above ∼700 °C, making it unsuitable for diamond-based thermionic applications, where high temperatures are converted into electricity via an electron emission process. In this review article we give an overview of thermionic emission, describe the potential applications of diamond-based thermionic energy converters, then review the different surface termination schemes that can provide a diamond surface with NEA. We discuss the relative merits of the different NEA surfaces that have been developed both computationally and experimentally as alternative cathode materials for thermionic devices.

KW - Diamond

KW - thermionic emission

KW - negative electron affinity

KW - functionalisation

U2 - 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.09.019

DO - 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.09.019

M3 - Review article (Academic Journal)

SN - 0008-6223

VL - 171

SP - 532

EP - 550

JO - Carbon

JF - Carbon

ER -

A review of surface functionalisation of diamond for thermionic emission applications

Abstract

Keywords

Access to Document

Handle.net

Fingerprint

Research output

Oxygen-terminated diamond: insights into the correlation between surface oxygen configurations and work function values

Experimental studies of electron affinity and work function from titanium on oxidised diamond (100) surfaces

Experimental Studies of Electron Affinity and Work Function from Aluminium on Oxidized Diamond (100) and (111) Surfaces

Projects

NanoESCA II: NanoESCA-Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis imaged at the Nanoscale (full application)

Cite this