Agency in action: (re)conceptualising parental action and decision-making in home education, in the context of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory.

The growing prevalence of home education necessitates exploration of parental in-volvement outside traditional schooling environments. This paper conceptualises pa-rental involvement within home education decision-making. Core elements of decision making, including Choices, Contexts, Challenges and Changes, are integrated with Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory to create the 4Cs model of parental deci-sion-making in home education. The 4Cs model is developed from integrating findings from the literature with previous empirical work on how parents make and explain de-cisions in home education. The present paper uses this model to organise and explain parental decision-making in a structured way. Building on critiques of school-centric parental involvement models, the 4Cs model steps away from assumptions that position parents as passive participants in schools’ agendas to instead illustrate parents’ active collaboration and involvement in their children’s education. The paper goes on to use the 4Cs model to help reframe Epstein’s typology of parental involvement to bridge home education research and broader scholarship on parental involvement. It provides a structured lens to analyse the decision-making processes that underpin why families choose home education and how it is enacted in practice. Central to this framework is the concept of parental agency, which is decoupled from school-based imperatives and po-sitioned as the driving force in constructing tailored learning environments. This theo-risation offers a critical lens for examining how parents navigate educational trade-offs, socioecological constraints, and adaptive strategies. We reframe parental involvement as deliberative, context-responsive praxis, creating potential for the 4Cs framework to act as a transferable model for analysing agency-driven parental engagement across diverse educational settings.