Alkenones and multiproxy strategies in paleoceanographic studies

We assess multiproxy strategies involving alkenone-based and other paleoceanographic indicators in an effort to define uncertainties and to advance understanding of past oceanic and climatic changes. Looking to the future, we recommend a parallel strategy of applying proxies to the geologic record while continuously seeking refinements in methods and understanding of mechanisms that control each proxy. A multiproxy strategy increases confidence in results and provides oceanographic context for more effective interpretation of processes. A combination of proxies allows derivation of additional properties, such as upper ocean paleosalinity or paleo-pCO2, for a more complete view of the oceanographic and climate mechanisms involved in changing Earth's environment.