Assessing the performance of population adjustment methods for anchored indirect comparisons: A simulation study

David M Phillippo*, Sofia Dias, A E Ades, Nicky J Welton

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticle (Academic Journal)peer-review

56 Citations (Scopus)
232 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Standard network meta-analysis and indirect comparisons combine aggregate data from multiple studies on treatments of interest, assuming that any factors that interact with treatment effects (effect modifiers) are balanced across populations. Population adjustment methods such as multilevel network meta-regression (ML-NMR), matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC), and simulated treatment comparison (STC) relax this assumption using individual patient data from one or more studies, and are becoming increasingly prevalent in health technology appraisals and the applied literature.
Motivated by an applied example and two recent reviews of applications, we undertook an extensive simulation study to assess the performance of these methods in a range of scenarios under various failures of assumptions. We investigated the impact of varying sample size, missing effect modifiers, strength of effect modification and validity of the shared effect modifier assumption, validity of extrapolation and varying between-study overlap, and different covariate distributions and correlations.
ML-NMR and STC performed similarly, eliminating bias when the requisite assumptions were met. Serious concerns are raised for MAIC, which performed poorly in nearly all simulation scenarios and may even increase bias compared to standard indirect comparisons. All methods incur bias when an effect modifier is missing, highlighting the necessity of careful selection of potential effect modifiers prior to analysis. When all effect modifiers are included, ML-NMR and STC are robust techniques for population adjustment. ML-NMR offers additional advantages over MAIC and STC, including extending to larger treatment networks and producing estimates in any target population, making this an attractive choice in a variety of scenarios.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)4885-4911
JournalStatistics in Medicine
Volume39
Issue number30
Early online date4 Oct 2020
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 30 Dec 2020

Keywords

  • Indirect comparison
  • effect modification
  • individual patient data
  • multilevel network
  • meta-regression
  • matching-adjusted indirect comparison
  • simulated treatment comparison

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'Assessing the performance of population adjustment methods for anchored indirect comparisons: A simulation study'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this