Atmospheric histories and global emissions of halons H-1211 (CBrClF2), H-1301 (CBrF3), and H-2402 (CBrF2CBrF2)

Martin K. Vollmer*, Jens Mühle, Cathy M. Trudinger, Matthew Rigby, Stephen A. Montzka, Christina M. Harth, Benjamin R. Miller, Stephan Henne, Paul B. Krummel, Bradley D. Hall, Dickon Young, Jooil Kim, Jgor Arduini, Angelina Wenger, Bo Yao, Stefan Reimann, Simon O'Doherty, Michela Maione, David M. Etheridge, Shanlan LiDaniel P. Verdonik, Sunyoung Park, Geoff Dutton, L. Paul Steele, Chris R. Lunder, Tae Siek Rhee, Ove Hermansen, Norbert Schmidbauer, Ray H. J. Wang, Matthias Hill, Peter K. Salameh, Ray L. Langenfelds, Lingxi Zhou, Thomas Blunier, Jakob Schwander, James W. Elkins, James H. Butler, Peter G. Simmonds, Ray F. Weiss, Ronald G. Prinn, Paul J. Fraser

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticle (Academic Journal)peer-review

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Abstract

We report ground-based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates for the halons H-1211 (CBrClF2), H-1301 (CBrF3), and H-2402 (CBrF2CBrF2) from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration global networks. We also include results from archived air samples in canisters and from polar firn in both hemispheres, thereby deriving an atmospheric record of nearly nine decades (1930s to present). All three halons were absent from the atmosphere until ∼1970, when their atmospheric burdens started to increase rapidly. In recent years H-1211 and H-2402 mole fractions have been declining, but H-1301 has continued to grow. High-frequency observations show continuing emissions of H-1211 and H-1301 near most AGAGE sites. For H-2402 the only emissions detected were derived from the region surrounding the Sea of Japan/East Sea. Based on our observations, we derive global emissions using two different inversion approaches. Emissions for H-1211 declined from a peak of 11 kt yr−1 (late 1990s) to 3.9 kt yr−1 at the end of our record (mean of 2013–2015), for H-1301 from 5.4 kt yr−1 (late 1980s) to 1.6 kt yr−1, and for H-2402 from 1.8 kt yr−1 (late 1980s) to 0.38 kt yr−1. Yearly summed halon emissions have decreased substantially; nevertheless, since 2000 they have accounted for ∼30% of the emissions of all major anthropogenic ozone depletion substances, when weighted by ozone depletion potentials.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)3663-3686
Number of pages24
JournalJournal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
Volume121
Issue number7
Early online date14 Apr 2016
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 16 Apr 2016

Keywords

  • halons
  • ozone depletion
  • bromine

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