Atmospheric mixing ratios and emissions of sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) in China

Dajiang Yu; Liangchun Deng; Bo Yao; Martin K. Vollmer; Liqu Chen; Yi Li; Honghui Xu; Simon O'Doherty; Qingli Song; Shangjun Ning

doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106222

Atmospheric mixing ratios and emissions of sulfuryl fluoride (SO₂F₂) in China

Dajiang Yu, Liangchun Deng, Bo Yao^*, Martin K. Vollmer, Liqu Chen, Yi Li, Honghui Xu, Simon O'Doherty, Qingli Song, Shangjun Ning

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article (Academic Journal) › peer-review

4 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

As a substitute for methyl bromide (CH₃Br), sulfuryl fluoride (SO₂F₂) is widely used and shows an increasing trend in global atmospheric mixing ratio. Long-term measurements of SO₂F₂ were conducted at 10 stations of the China Meteorological Administration. The SO₂F₂ mixing ratios of background events at five observation sites with long sequences (9 or 10 years) showed a similar increasing trend, which was also similar to the measurements at Mace Head in Ireland, a global background station of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network. The background mixing ratios of SO₂F₂ increased from 1.8 ppt in 2011 to 2.6 ppt in 2019. From 2010 to 2016, the enhanced mixing ratios above background of all the 10 stations exhibited an increasing trend before 2017, while there are no obvious trends from 2017 to 2019. The highest enhanced mixing ratios appeared at Lin'an (LAN) and Jiangjin (JGJ) in all years, mainly due to production and application of SO₂F₂ in the Yangtze River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. Also, the two stations are closer to sources than other stations. The Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) was applied to identify the possible source areas associated with SO₂F₂ pollution events. The potential source areas identified at the 10 stations covered the main economic zones of China. Additionally, the total SO₂F₂ emissions of China and key emission regions from 2011 to 2019 were estimated by a tracer-ratio method, using carbon monoxide (CO) as a reference tracer. The estimated total SO₂F₂ emission of China was 0.49 ± 0.49 Gg yr⁻¹ during 2011 to 2016 and 0.32 ± 0.32 Gg yr⁻¹ during 2017 to 2019, and China's per capita SO₂F₂ emissions were lower than global averages during 2011-2019.

Original language	English
Article number	106222
Journal	Atmospheric Research
Volume	275
Early online date	28 Apr 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106222
Publication status	Published - 1 Sept 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China ( 2019YFC0214502 ) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 41730103 ). The stations personnel have supported the in-situ measurements and weekly canister sampling at SDZ, WLG, LAN, LFS, XGL, JGJ, HYN, XGF, AKD, JSA. The Mace Head station is supported by the UK Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) (TRN 1537/06/2018 ) and NASA ( NNX16AC98G ). This work has benefited from technical assistance by the AGAGE networks. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) is acknowledged for help with the data acquisition and processing software and providing calibration standards.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords

Atmospheric mixing ratios
Emissions
Potential source contribution
SOF
Trace ratio method

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title = "Atmospheric mixing ratios and emissions of sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) in China",

abstract = "As a substitute for methyl bromide (CH3Br), sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) is widely used and shows an increasing trend in global atmospheric mixing ratio. Long-term measurements of SO2F2 were conducted at 10 stations of the China Meteorological Administration. The SO2F2 mixing ratios of background events at five observation sites with long sequences (9 or 10 years) showed a similar increasing trend, which was also similar to the measurements at Mace Head in Ireland, a global background station of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network. The background mixing ratios of SO2F2 increased from 1.8 ppt in 2011 to 2.6 ppt in 2019. From 2010 to 2016, the enhanced mixing ratios above background of all the 10 stations exhibited an increasing trend before 2017, while there are no obvious trends from 2017 to 2019. The highest enhanced mixing ratios appeared at Lin'an (LAN) and Jiangjin (JGJ) in all years, mainly due to production and application of SO2F2 in the Yangtze River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. Also, the two stations are closer to sources than other stations. The Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) was applied to identify the possible source areas associated with SO2F2 pollution events. The potential source areas identified at the 10 stations covered the main economic zones of China. Additionally, the total SO2F2 emissions of China and key emission regions from 2011 to 2019 were estimated by a tracer-ratio method, using carbon monoxide (CO) as a reference tracer. The estimated total SO2F2 emission of China was 0.49 ± 0.49 Gg yr−1 during 2011 to 2016 and 0.32 ± 0.32 Gg yr−1 during 2017 to 2019, and China's per capita SO2F2 emissions were lower than global averages during 2011-2019.",

keywords = "Atmospheric mixing ratios, Emissions, Potential source contribution, SOF, Trace ratio method",

author = "Dajiang Yu and Liangchun Deng and Bo Yao and Vollmer, {Martin K.} and Liqu Chen and Yi Li and Honghui Xu and Simon O'Doherty and Qingli Song and Shangjun Ning",

note = "Funding Information: This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China ( 2019YFC0214502 ) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 41730103 ). The stations personnel have supported the in-situ measurements and weekly canister sampling at SDZ, WLG, LAN, LFS, XGL, JGJ, HYN, XGF, AKD, JSA. The Mace Head station is supported by the UK Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) (TRN 1537/06/2018 ) and NASA ( NNX16AC98G ). This work has benefited from technical assistance by the AGAGE networks. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) is acknowledged for help with the data acquisition and processing software and providing calibration standards. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Elsevier B.V.",

year = "2022",

month = sep,

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doi = "10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106222",

language = "English",

volume = "275",

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T1 - Atmospheric mixing ratios and emissions of sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) in China

AU - Yu, Dajiang

AU - Deng, Liangchun

AU - Yao, Bo

AU - Vollmer, Martin K.

AU - Chen, Liqu

AU - Li, Yi

AU - Xu, Honghui

AU - O'Doherty, Simon

AU - Song, Qingli

AU - Ning, Shangjun

N1 - Funding Information: This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China ( 2019YFC0214502 ) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 41730103 ). The stations personnel have supported the in-situ measurements and weekly canister sampling at SDZ, WLG, LAN, LFS, XGL, JGJ, HYN, XGF, AKD, JSA. The Mace Head station is supported by the UK Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) (TRN 1537/06/2018 ) and NASA ( NNX16AC98G ). This work has benefited from technical assistance by the AGAGE networks. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) is acknowledged for help with the data acquisition and processing software and providing calibration standards. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

PY - 2022/9/1

Y1 - 2022/9/1

N2 - As a substitute for methyl bromide (CH3Br), sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) is widely used and shows an increasing trend in global atmospheric mixing ratio. Long-term measurements of SO2F2 were conducted at 10 stations of the China Meteorological Administration. The SO2F2 mixing ratios of background events at five observation sites with long sequences (9 or 10 years) showed a similar increasing trend, which was also similar to the measurements at Mace Head in Ireland, a global background station of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network. The background mixing ratios of SO2F2 increased from 1.8 ppt in 2011 to 2.6 ppt in 2019. From 2010 to 2016, the enhanced mixing ratios above background of all the 10 stations exhibited an increasing trend before 2017, while there are no obvious trends from 2017 to 2019. The highest enhanced mixing ratios appeared at Lin'an (LAN) and Jiangjin (JGJ) in all years, mainly due to production and application of SO2F2 in the Yangtze River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. Also, the two stations are closer to sources than other stations. The Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) was applied to identify the possible source areas associated with SO2F2 pollution events. The potential source areas identified at the 10 stations covered the main economic zones of China. Additionally, the total SO2F2 emissions of China and key emission regions from 2011 to 2019 were estimated by a tracer-ratio method, using carbon monoxide (CO) as a reference tracer. The estimated total SO2F2 emission of China was 0.49 ± 0.49 Gg yr−1 during 2011 to 2016 and 0.32 ± 0.32 Gg yr−1 during 2017 to 2019, and China's per capita SO2F2 emissions were lower than global averages during 2011-2019.

AB - As a substitute for methyl bromide (CH3Br), sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) is widely used and shows an increasing trend in global atmospheric mixing ratio. Long-term measurements of SO2F2 were conducted at 10 stations of the China Meteorological Administration. The SO2F2 mixing ratios of background events at five observation sites with long sequences (9 or 10 years) showed a similar increasing trend, which was also similar to the measurements at Mace Head in Ireland, a global background station of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network. The background mixing ratios of SO2F2 increased from 1.8 ppt in 2011 to 2.6 ppt in 2019. From 2010 to 2016, the enhanced mixing ratios above background of all the 10 stations exhibited an increasing trend before 2017, while there are no obvious trends from 2017 to 2019. The highest enhanced mixing ratios appeared at Lin'an (LAN) and Jiangjin (JGJ) in all years, mainly due to production and application of SO2F2 in the Yangtze River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. Also, the two stations are closer to sources than other stations. The Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) was applied to identify the possible source areas associated with SO2F2 pollution events. The potential source areas identified at the 10 stations covered the main economic zones of China. Additionally, the total SO2F2 emissions of China and key emission regions from 2011 to 2019 were estimated by a tracer-ratio method, using carbon monoxide (CO) as a reference tracer. The estimated total SO2F2 emission of China was 0.49 ± 0.49 Gg yr−1 during 2011 to 2016 and 0.32 ± 0.32 Gg yr−1 during 2017 to 2019, and China's per capita SO2F2 emissions were lower than global averages during 2011-2019.

KW - Atmospheric mixing ratios

KW - Emissions

KW - Potential source contribution

KW - SOF

KW - Trace ratio method

U2 - 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106222

DO - 10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106222

M3 - Article (Academic Journal)

AN - SCOPUS:85129512643

SN - 0169-8095

VL - 275

JO - Atmospheric Research

JF - Atmospheric Research

M1 - 106222

ER -