CAM photosynthesis may have conferred an advantage during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction event

The Permian-Triassic mass extinction represents the most severe loss of biodiversity in Earth history and profoundly reorganized terrestrial ecosystems. On land, this crisis was followed by a marked floral turnover, with herbaceous lycophytes dominating Early Triassic vegetation. Here we show that these pioneer (so-called disaster) taxa that rapidly colonized stressed post-extinction environments, possessed specialized physiological traits that promoted survival under extreme conditions. Independent phylogenetic analyses show that Early Triassic lycophytes are closely related to modern Isoetales, a group characterized by exceptional ecophysiological flexibility. Their carbon isotope signatures resemble those of extant Isoetes that use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, indicating a similar physiological strategy in deep time. Coupling these results with climate simulations suggests that CAM photosynthesis could have conferred a substantial advantage under Early Triassic super greenhouse conditions. Together, our findings identify CAM physiology as a potential mechanism enabling plant survival and ecosystem recovery following Earth's largest mass extinction.