Canagliflozin synergises with serine restriction mediating anti-leukaemic effects in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is a haematological malignancy commonly driven by NOTCH1 activating mutations. A concomitant feature associated with NOTCH1 mutations is heightened oxidative metabolism enabling the exponential proliferation of T-ALL blasts. As such, targeting mitochondrial metabolism in T-ALL is an attractive therapeutic avenue. Related to this, canagliflozin (cana), is an FDA-approved sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor with known off-target effects on complex I and glutamate dehydrogenase, but its potential anti-leukaemic effects remain unexplored. Here, we show that cana possesses potent anti-leukaemic effects underpinned by proliferative defects, cell cycle disruption and apoptosis. These anti-leukaemic effects driven by cana, are attributed to a perturbed tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and mitochondrial metabolism, and elevated mitochondrial ROS. Proteomic analysis revealed that cana treatment resulted in a compensatory increase in the expression of ATF4 targets, including upregulation of serine biosynthesis pathway and one-carbon metabolism enzymes. As such, restriction of serine and glycine synergized with cana treatment, further enhancing its anti-leukaemic effects. Collectively, our study reveals a cana-driven metabolic vulnerability that can be further exploited via dietary manipulation to treat T-ALL.