End-to-End Sensing Systems for Breast Cancer: From Wearables for Early Detection to Lab-Based Diagnosis Chips

Breast cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy among women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging provide accurate tumor localization. However, their high cost, limited accessibility, and patient discomfort emphasize the need for more accessible diagnostic solutions. The Recent advances in wearable and lab-on-chip sensing systems have provided potential alternatives for early detection and diagnosis. This review synthesizes the progress in tactile, thermal, ultrasound, microwave, and electrical impedance tomography modalities integrated into smart garments and patches, which enable continuous and decentralized breast health monitoring. The review also examines electrochemical, microelectromechanical systems, and optical biosensing approaches that achieve sensitive biomarker detection on compact diagnostic chips. The developments in nanomaterials, flexible and biocompatible electronics have enhanced sensor reliability. Meanwhile, machine learning and wireless communication have improved data analysis and remote monitoring. Collectively, these technologies support a shift from episodic, hospital-based imaging toward self-directed and longitudinal breast health monitoring. Notwithstanding, challenges such as calibration drift, physiological variability, and the necessity of clinical validation, emerging platforms could complement or, in certain cases, replace conventional screening. By evaluating the current strengths, limitations, and translational challenges, this review highlights the pathways toward highly advanced systems for breast cancer care.