Endotoxic activity of lipopolysaccharides isolated from emergent potential cystic ¢brosis pathogens

Improved antimicrobial therapies against the classical spectrum of pathogenic bacteria which colonise the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF)
patients has resulted in improved life expectancy and quality of life. Bacterial species that are resistant to a broad range of antibiotics
including Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans have now emerged as potential new pathogens to fill the niche. At
present, it is unclear from clinical data whether these microbes are commensal or pathogenic. In this study we have quantified the
inflammatory potential of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from eight species of Gram-negative organisms which have been cultured with increasing frequency from CF patients. Inflammatory responses induced by LPS from whole human blood and a human-derived monocyte cell line (THP-1) were assessed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumour necrosis factor K (TNF). A bioassay was also used to assess TNF activity. With the exception of S. maltophilia, LPS extracted from all of the bacteria tested upregulated, by varying degrees, expression of each of the proinflammatory cytokines assayed. This study represents the first comprehensive report of the endotoxic potential of a new wave of microbes which are associated with CF.