Experimental investigation on the tensile behavior of wire arc additively manufactured duplex stainless steel plates

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) stands as a transformative metallic 3D printing technology that offers unparalleled flexibility and efficiency in the construction industry. This study thoroughly investigates the tensile behavior of WAAM duplex stainless steel plates through an extensive experimental program. Test specimens were 3D printed using cold metal transfer technology with two types of feedstock wires (ER2209 and ER2594). Microstructural analysis was conducted using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Standardized tensile coupon specimens were extracted from WAAM duplex stainless steel plates, featuring five different loading angles (θ = 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°) relative to the printing layer direction, alongside two surface conditions (milled and unmilled). Geometric characteristics of the unmilled specimens were determined using non-contact 3D laser scanning and a visual graphic-based parametric analysis program. Tensile coupon tests, facilitated by a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system, provided comprehensive examination of stress-strain responses and key mechanical properties of WAAM duplex stainless steel materials, such as the Young's modulus, material strengths and fracture strain. The effects of microstructure characteristics, geometric conditions and loading angles on the mechanical properties of WAAM duplex stainless steel plates were thoroughly analyzed and discussed.