FAST-NEPAL: Regionally Calibrated Spectral Method for Reinforced Concrete With Masonry Infills

Ted Cross; Flavia De Luca; Gregory E.D. Woods; Nicola Giordano; Rama Pokhrel; Raffaele De Risi

doi:10.3389/fbuil.2021.689921

FAST-NEPAL: Regionally Calibrated Spectral Method for Reinforced Concrete With Masonry Infills

Ted Cross^*, Flavia De Luca, Gregory E.D. Woods, Nicola Giordano, Rama Pokhrel, Raffaele De Risi

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

Reinforced concrete (RC) with masonry infill is one of the most common structural typologies in Nepal, especially in the Kathmandu Valley. Masonry infills are typically made of solid clay bricks produced locally in Nepal. This study aims to calibrate the spectral-based analytical method, namely, FAST, for Nepalese RC-infilled buildings. The FAST method has been initially conceived for Southern European RC buildings with hollow clay brick infills. The calibration is achieved by reviewing code prescriptions and construction practices for RC masonry infills in Nepal and updating the FAST method. The variables of FAST method are calibrated using different information sources and a Bayesian updating procedure to consider the global and local material properties for solid clay bricks. The FAST-NEPAL method obtained is then verified, considering a single school design, for which a detailed state-of-the-art vulnerability assessment is available. Being particularly suitable for large-scale assessment, the method is further validated using data from Ward-35 of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (in the vicinity of Tribhuvan International Airport) obtained from photographic documentation included in a geo-referenced database of buildings collected after the 2015 Nepal earthquake and prepared for census purposes. The comparisons show that the FAST-NEPAL method can be conservative relative to the other data sources for vulnerability and is more accurate at capturing low-level damage. This makes the approach suitable for large-scale preliminary assessment of vulnerability for prioritisation purposes.

Original language	English
Article number	689921
Number of pages	16
Journal	Frontiers in Built Environment
Volume	7
Early online date	13 Jan 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.689921
Publication status	Published - 13 Jan 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The first author acknowledges the support of EPSRC (EP/R513179/1). This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) under the University of Bristol Global Challenge Institutional Sponsorship project ?Post-Natural Disaster downtime quantification after earthquakes through remote sensing: the case of the Mw 7.8 Gorkha 2015 (Nepal)? (EP/P510920/1) and ?Seismic Safety and Resilience of Schools in Nepal? SAFER (EP/P028926/1) (http://www.safernepal.net/ ). The authors would like to express their gratitude to NSET for the access provided to the Nepalese local test data and to GENESIS Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. for the access provided to Ward-35 census data.

Funding Information:
The first author acknowledges the support of EPSRC (EP/ R513179/1). This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) under the University of Bristol Global Challenge Institutional

Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2022 Cross, De Luca, Woods, Giordano, Pokhrel and De Risi.

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10.3389/fbuil.2021.689921Licence: CC BY

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SAFER Seismic safety and resilience of schools in Nepal
Sextos, A. (Principal Investigator), De Luca, F. (Co-Investigator), Vardanega, P. J. (Co-Investigator), Agarwal, J. (Co-Investigator), Alexander, N. A. (Co-Investigator) & Werner, M. (Co-Investigator)
1/05/17 → 30/06/21
Project: Research, Parent

Cite this

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title = "FAST-NEPAL: Regionally Calibrated Spectral Method for Reinforced Concrete With Masonry Infills",

abstract = "Reinforced concrete (RC) with masonry infill is one of the most common structural typologies in Nepal, especially in the Kathmandu Valley. Masonry infills are typically made of solid clay bricks produced locally in Nepal. This study aims to calibrate the spectral-based analytical method, namely, FAST, for Nepalese RC-infilled buildings. The FAST method has been initially conceived for Southern European RC buildings with hollow clay brick infills. The calibration is achieved by reviewing code prescriptions and construction practices for RC masonry infills in Nepal and updating the FAST method. The variables of FAST method are calibrated using different information sources and a Bayesian updating procedure to consider the global and local material properties for solid clay bricks. The FAST-NEPAL method obtained is then verified, considering a single school design, for which a detailed state-of-the-art vulnerability assessment is available. Being particularly suitable for large-scale assessment, the method is further validated using data from Ward-35 of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (in the vicinity of Tribhuvan International Airport) obtained from photographic documentation included in a geo-referenced database of buildings collected after the 2015 Nepal earthquake and prepared for census purposes. The comparisons show that the FAST-NEPAL method can be conservative relative to the other data sources for vulnerability and is more accurate at capturing low-level damage. This makes the approach suitable for large-scale preliminary assessment of vulnerability for prioritisation purposes.",

author = "Ted Cross and {De Luca}, Flavia and Woods, {Gregory E.D.} and Nicola Giordano and Rama Pokhrel and {De Risi}, Raffaele",

note = "Funding Information: The first author acknowledges the support of EPSRC (EP/R513179/1). This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) under the University of Bristol Global Challenge Institutional Sponsorship project ?Post-Natural Disaster downtime quantification after earthquakes through remote sensing: the case of the Mw 7.8 Gorkha 2015 (Nepal)? (EP/P510920/1) and ?Seismic Safety and Resilience of Schools in Nepal? SAFER (EP/P028926/1) (http://www.safernepal.net/ ). The authors would like to express their gratitude to NSET for the access provided to the Nepalese local test data and to GENESIS Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. for the access provided to Ward-35 census data. Funding Information: The first author acknowledges the support of EPSRC (EP/ R513179/1). This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) under the University of Bristol Global Challenge Institutional Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2022 Cross, De Luca, Woods, Giordano, Pokhrel and De Risi.",

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AU - Cross, Ted

AU - De Luca, Flavia

AU - Woods, Gregory E.D.

AU - Giordano, Nicola

AU - Pokhrel, Rama

AU - De Risi, Raffaele

N1 - Funding Information: The first author acknowledges the support of EPSRC (EP/R513179/1). This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) under the University of Bristol Global Challenge Institutional Sponsorship project ?Post-Natural Disaster downtime quantification after earthquakes through remote sensing: the case of the Mw 7.8 Gorkha 2015 (Nepal)? (EP/P510920/1) and ?Seismic Safety and Resilience of Schools in Nepal? SAFER (EP/P028926/1) (http://www.safernepal.net/ ). The authors would like to express their gratitude to NSET for the access provided to the Nepalese local test data and to GENESIS Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. for the access provided to Ward-35 census data. Funding Information: The first author acknowledges the support of EPSRC (EP/ R513179/1). This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) under the University of Bristol Global Challenge Institutional Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 Cross, De Luca, Woods, Giordano, Pokhrel and De Risi.

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N2 - Reinforced concrete (RC) with masonry infill is one of the most common structural typologies in Nepal, especially in the Kathmandu Valley. Masonry infills are typically made of solid clay bricks produced locally in Nepal. This study aims to calibrate the spectral-based analytical method, namely, FAST, for Nepalese RC-infilled buildings. The FAST method has been initially conceived for Southern European RC buildings with hollow clay brick infills. The calibration is achieved by reviewing code prescriptions and construction practices for RC masonry infills in Nepal and updating the FAST method. The variables of FAST method are calibrated using different information sources and a Bayesian updating procedure to consider the global and local material properties for solid clay bricks. The FAST-NEPAL method obtained is then verified, considering a single school design, for which a detailed state-of-the-art vulnerability assessment is available. Being particularly suitable for large-scale assessment, the method is further validated using data from Ward-35 of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (in the vicinity of Tribhuvan International Airport) obtained from photographic documentation included in a geo-referenced database of buildings collected after the 2015 Nepal earthquake and prepared for census purposes. The comparisons show that the FAST-NEPAL method can be conservative relative to the other data sources for vulnerability and is more accurate at capturing low-level damage. This makes the approach suitable for large-scale preliminary assessment of vulnerability for prioritisation purposes.

AB - Reinforced concrete (RC) with masonry infill is one of the most common structural typologies in Nepal, especially in the Kathmandu Valley. Masonry infills are typically made of solid clay bricks produced locally in Nepal. This study aims to calibrate the spectral-based analytical method, namely, FAST, for Nepalese RC-infilled buildings. The FAST method has been initially conceived for Southern European RC buildings with hollow clay brick infills. The calibration is achieved by reviewing code prescriptions and construction practices for RC masonry infills in Nepal and updating the FAST method. The variables of FAST method are calibrated using different information sources and a Bayesian updating procedure to consider the global and local material properties for solid clay bricks. The FAST-NEPAL method obtained is then verified, considering a single school design, for which a detailed state-of-the-art vulnerability assessment is available. Being particularly suitable for large-scale assessment, the method is further validated using data from Ward-35 of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (in the vicinity of Tribhuvan International Airport) obtained from photographic documentation included in a geo-referenced database of buildings collected after the 2015 Nepal earthquake and prepared for census purposes. The comparisons show that the FAST-NEPAL method can be conservative relative to the other data sources for vulnerability and is more accurate at capturing low-level damage. This makes the approach suitable for large-scale preliminary assessment of vulnerability for prioritisation purposes.

U2 - 10.3389/fbuil.2021.689921

DO - 10.3389/fbuil.2021.689921

M3 - Article (Academic Journal)

SN - 2297-3362

VL - 7

JO - Frontiers in Built Environment

JF - Frontiers in Built Environment

M1 - 689921

ER -

FAST-NEPAL: Regionally Calibrated Spectral Method for Reinforced Concrete With Masonry Infills

Abstract

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SAFER Seismic safety and resilience of schools in Nepal

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