Ground-Based Measurements of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun Volcanic Cloud (Iceland)

Melissa A. Pfeffer; Baldur Bergsson; Sara Barsotti; Gerður Stefánsdóttir; Bo Galle; Santiago Arellano; Vladimir Conde; Amy Donovan; Evgenia Ilyinskaya; Mike Burton; Alessandro Aiuppa; Rachel C.W. Whitty; Isla C. Simmons; Þórður Arason; Elín B. Jónasdóttir; Nicole S. Keller; Richard F. Yeo; Hermann Arngrímsson; Þorsteinn Jóhannsson; Mary K. Butwin; Robert A. Askew; Stéphanie Dumont; Sibylle Von Löwis; Þorgils Ingvarsson; Alessandro La Spina; Helen Thomas; Fred Prata; Fausto Grassa; Gaetano Giudice; Andri Stefánsson; Frank Marzano; Mario Montopoli; Luigi Mereu

doi:10.3390/geosciences8010029

Ground-Based Measurements of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun Volcanic Cloud (Iceland)

Melissa A. Pfeffer^*, Baldur Bergsson, Sara Barsotti, Gerður Stefánsdóttir, Bo Galle, Santiago Arellano, Vladimir Conde, Amy Donovan, Evgenia Ilyinskaya, Mike Burton, Alessandro Aiuppa, Rachel C.W. Whitty, Isla C. Simmons, Þórður Arason, Elín B. Jónasdóttir, Nicole S. Keller, Richard F. Yeo, Hermann Arngrímsson, Þorsteinn Jóhannsson, Mary K. ButwinRobert A. Askew, Stéphanie Dumont, Sibylle Von Löwis, Þorgils Ingvarsson, Alessandro La Spina, Helen Thomas, Fred Prata, Fausto Grassa, Gaetano Giudice, Andri Stefánsson, Frank Marzano, Mario Montopoli, Luigi Mereu

^*Corresponding author for this work

School of Earth Sciences

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article (Academic Journal) › peer-review

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Abstract

The 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption at Holuhraun in central Iceland was distinguished by the high emission of gases, in total 9.6 Mt SO2, with almost no tephra. This work collates all ground-based measurements of this extraordinary eruption cloud made under particularly challenging conditions: remote location, optically dense cloud with high SO2 column amounts, low UV intensity, frequent clouds and precipitation, an extensive and hot lava field, developing ramparts, and high-latitude winter conditions. Semi-continuous measurements of SO2 flux with three scanning DOAS instruments were augmented by car traverses along the ring-road and along the lava. The ratios of other gases/SO2 were measured by OP-FTIR, MultiGAS, and filter packs. Ratios of SO2/HCl = 30–110 and SO2/HF = 30–130 show a halogen-poor eruption cloud. Scientists on-site reported extremely minor tephra production during the eruption. OPC and filter packs showed low particle concentrations similar to non-eruption cloud conditions. Three weather radars detected a droplet-rich eruption cloud. Top of eruption cloud heights of 0.3–5.5 km agl were measured with ground- and aircraft-based visual observations, web camera and NicAIR II infrared images, triangulation of scanning DOAS instruments, and the location of SO2 peaks measured by DOAS traverses. Cloud height and emission rate measurements were critical for initializing gas dispersal simulations for hazard forecasting.

Original language	English
Article number	29
Number of pages	25
Journal	Geosciences
Volume	8
Issue number	1
Early online date	18 Jan 2018
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010029
Publication status	Published - Jan 2018

Bibliographical note

Special Issue - Volcanic Plumes: Impacts on the Atmosphere and Insights into Volcanic Processes)

Keywords

Bárðarbunga
Cloud height
Eruption monitoring
Fissure eruption
Gas
Holuhraun
SO

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Pfeffer, M. A., Bergsson, B., Barsotti, S., Stefánsdóttir, G., Galle, B., Arellano, S., Conde, V., Donovan, A., Ilyinskaya, E., Burton, M., Aiuppa, A., Whitty, R. C. W., Simmons, I. C., Arason, Þ., Jónasdóttir, E. B., Keller, N. S., Yeo, R. F., Arngrímsson, H., Jóhannsson, Þ., ... Mereu, L. (2018). Ground-Based Measurements of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun Volcanic Cloud (Iceland). Geosciences, 8(1), [29]. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010029

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title = "Ground-Based Measurements of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun Volcanic Cloud (Iceland)",

abstract = "The 2014–2015 B{\'a}r{\dh}arbunga fissure eruption at Holuhraun in central Iceland was distinguished by the high emission of gases, in total 9.6 Mt SO2, with almost no tephra. This work collates all ground-based measurements of this extraordinary eruption cloud made under particularly challenging conditions: remote location, optically dense cloud with high SO2 column amounts, low UV intensity, frequent clouds and precipitation, an extensive and hot lava field, developing ramparts, and high-latitude winter conditions. Semi-continuous measurements of SO2 flux with three scanning DOAS instruments were augmented by car traverses along the ring-road and along the lava. The ratios of other gases/SO2 were measured by OP-FTIR, MultiGAS, and filter packs. Ratios of SO2/HCl = 30–110 and SO2/HF = 30–130 show a halogen-poor eruption cloud. Scientists on-site reported extremely minor tephra production during the eruption. OPC and filter packs showed low particle concentrations similar to non-eruption cloud conditions. Three weather radars detected a droplet-rich eruption cloud. Top of eruption cloud heights of 0.3–5.5 km agl were measured with ground- and aircraft-based visual observations, web camera and NicAIR II infrared images, triangulation of scanning DOAS instruments, and the location of SO2 peaks measured by DOAS traverses. Cloud height and emission rate measurements were critical for initializing gas dispersal simulations for hazard forecasting.",

keywords = "B{\'a}r{\dh}arbunga, Cloud height, Eruption monitoring, Fissure eruption, Gas, Holuhraun, SO",

author = "Pfeffer, {Melissa A.} and Baldur Bergsson and Sara Barsotti and Ger{\dh}ur Stef{\'a}nsd{\'o}ttir and Bo Galle and Santiago Arellano and Vladimir Conde and Amy Donovan and Evgenia Ilyinskaya and Mike Burton and Alessandro Aiuppa and Whitty, {Rachel C.W.} and Simmons, {Isla C.} and {\TH}{\'o}r{\dh}ur Arason and J{\'o}nasd{\'o}ttir, {El{\'i}n B.} and Keller, {Nicole S.} and Yeo, {Richard F.} and Hermann Arngr{\'i}msson and {\TH}orsteinn J{\'o}hannsson and Butwin, {Mary K.} and Askew, {Robert A.} and St{\'e}phanie Dumont and {Von L{\"o}wis}, Sibylle and {\TH}orgils Ingvarsson and {La Spina}, Alessandro and Helen Thomas and Fred Prata and Fausto Grassa and Gaetano Giudice and Andri Stef{\'a}nsson and Frank Marzano and Mario Montopoli and Luigi Mereu",

note = "Special Issue - Volcanic Plumes: Impacts on the Atmosphere and Insights into Volcanic Processes)",

year = "2018",

month = jan,

doi = "10.3390/geosciences8010029",

language = "English",

volume = "8",

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Pfeffer, MA, Bergsson, B, Barsotti, S, Stefánsdóttir, G, Galle, B, Arellano, S, Conde, V, Donovan, A, Ilyinskaya, E, Burton, M, Aiuppa, A, Whitty, RCW, Simmons, IC, Arason, Þ, Jónasdóttir, EB, Keller, NS, Yeo, RF, Arngrímsson, H, Jóhannsson, Þ, Butwin, MK, Askew, RA, Dumont, S, Von Löwis, S, Ingvarsson, Þ, La Spina, A, Thomas, H, Prata, F, Grassa, F, Giudice, G, Stefánsson, A, Marzano, F, Montopoli, M & Mereu, L 2018, 'Ground-Based Measurements of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun Volcanic Cloud (Iceland)', Geosciences, vol. 8, no. 1, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8010029

TY - JOUR

T1 - Ground-Based Measurements of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun Volcanic Cloud (Iceland)

AU - Pfeffer, Melissa A.

AU - Bergsson, Baldur

AU - Barsotti, Sara

AU - Stefánsdóttir, Gerður

AU - Galle, Bo

AU - Arellano, Santiago

AU - Conde, Vladimir

AU - Donovan, Amy

AU - Ilyinskaya, Evgenia

AU - Burton, Mike

AU - Aiuppa, Alessandro

AU - Whitty, Rachel C.W.

AU - Simmons, Isla C.

AU - Arason, Þórður

AU - Jónasdóttir, Elín B.

AU - Keller, Nicole S.

AU - Yeo, Richard F.

AU - Arngrímsson, Hermann

AU - Jóhannsson, Þorsteinn

AU - Butwin, Mary K.

AU - Askew, Robert A.

AU - Dumont, Stéphanie

AU - Von Löwis, Sibylle

AU - Ingvarsson, Þorgils

AU - La Spina, Alessandro

AU - Thomas, Helen

AU - Prata, Fred

AU - Grassa, Fausto

AU - Giudice, Gaetano

AU - Stefánsson, Andri

AU - Marzano, Frank

AU - Montopoli, Mario

AU - Mereu, Luigi

N1 - Special Issue - Volcanic Plumes: Impacts on the Atmosphere and Insights into Volcanic Processes)

PY - 2018/1

Y1 - 2018/1

N2 - The 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption at Holuhraun in central Iceland was distinguished by the high emission of gases, in total 9.6 Mt SO2, with almost no tephra. This work collates all ground-based measurements of this extraordinary eruption cloud made under particularly challenging conditions: remote location, optically dense cloud with high SO2 column amounts, low UV intensity, frequent clouds and precipitation, an extensive and hot lava field, developing ramparts, and high-latitude winter conditions. Semi-continuous measurements of SO2 flux with three scanning DOAS instruments were augmented by car traverses along the ring-road and along the lava. The ratios of other gases/SO2 were measured by OP-FTIR, MultiGAS, and filter packs. Ratios of SO2/HCl = 30–110 and SO2/HF = 30–130 show a halogen-poor eruption cloud. Scientists on-site reported extremely minor tephra production during the eruption. OPC and filter packs showed low particle concentrations similar to non-eruption cloud conditions. Three weather radars detected a droplet-rich eruption cloud. Top of eruption cloud heights of 0.3–5.5 km agl were measured with ground- and aircraft-based visual observations, web camera and NicAIR II infrared images, triangulation of scanning DOAS instruments, and the location of SO2 peaks measured by DOAS traverses. Cloud height and emission rate measurements were critical for initializing gas dispersal simulations for hazard forecasting.

AB - The 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption at Holuhraun in central Iceland was distinguished by the high emission of gases, in total 9.6 Mt SO2, with almost no tephra. This work collates all ground-based measurements of this extraordinary eruption cloud made under particularly challenging conditions: remote location, optically dense cloud with high SO2 column amounts, low UV intensity, frequent clouds and precipitation, an extensive and hot lava field, developing ramparts, and high-latitude winter conditions. Semi-continuous measurements of SO2 flux with three scanning DOAS instruments were augmented by car traverses along the ring-road and along the lava. The ratios of other gases/SO2 were measured by OP-FTIR, MultiGAS, and filter packs. Ratios of SO2/HCl = 30–110 and SO2/HF = 30–130 show a halogen-poor eruption cloud. Scientists on-site reported extremely minor tephra production during the eruption. OPC and filter packs showed low particle concentrations similar to non-eruption cloud conditions. Three weather radars detected a droplet-rich eruption cloud. Top of eruption cloud heights of 0.3–5.5 km agl were measured with ground- and aircraft-based visual observations, web camera and NicAIR II infrared images, triangulation of scanning DOAS instruments, and the location of SO2 peaks measured by DOAS traverses. Cloud height and emission rate measurements were critical for initializing gas dispersal simulations for hazard forecasting.

KW - Bárðarbunga

KW - Cloud height

KW - Eruption monitoring

KW - Fissure eruption

KW - Gas

KW - Holuhraun

KW - SO

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U2 - 10.3390/geosciences8010029

DO - 10.3390/geosciences8010029

M3 - Article (Academic Journal)

AN - SCOPUS:85040967502

VL - 8

JO - Geosciences

JF - Geosciences

SN - 2076-3263

IS - 1

M1 - 29

ER -

Ground-Based Measurements of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun Volcanic Cloud (Iceland)

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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