Improved prediction of symptomatic type 1 diabetes using a luciferase-based assay to measure (pro)insulin autoantibodies

Introduction:
Insulin autoantibodies (IAA) are key predictors of type 1 diabetes, particularly in young children. Micro-radiobinding assays (RBA) are the gold-standard for IAA measurement but have limitations. We assessed whether a luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay improved diabetes risk assessment.

Methods:
To validate LIPS compared with RBA, samples from people with new-onset type 1 diabetes (n=150) and first-degree relatives (FDRs) (n=619), of whom 91 had developed diabetes during follow-up, were used. This cross-sectional observational data was analysed using area under the receiver operator characteristic curve and cox-proportional hazard models.

Results:
In new-onset diabetes, RBA and LIPS showed 88% agreement in IAA status. Positive IAA LIPS was more common in 89 FDRs with high-moderate affinity IAA (61%) compared with 22 FDRs with low-affinity IAA (18%) (p<0.001). In FDRs positive for multiple other islet autoantibodies, 20-year diabetes risk was 80% for those positive compared with 30% for those negative for IAA by LIPS (p=0.013). IAA LIPS added to diabetes risk independently of status/level of IAA by RBA, other autoantibodies, and sampling age (p<0.001).

Conclusion:
The IAA LIPS low-blood volume, high-throughput technique identifies more individuals with the highest risk of diabetes. The ability to identify high-affinity IAA makes LIPS an ideal method for future clinical trials and population screening strategies to predict risk of diabetes.