Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies

Katrina Charles; Guy Howard; Elena Villalobos Prats; Joshua Gruber; Sadekul Alam; ASM Alamgir; Manish Baidya; Meerjady Sabrina; Farhana Haque; SM Quamrul Hasan; Md Saiful Islam; Dickson Lwetoijera; SG Mahmud; Zahid Hayat Mahmud; Kamal Pasha; Mahmuder Rahman; Ashek Reza; Md Selimuzzaman; Ahmed Sharif; Subodh Sharma; Jacqueline Thomas; Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876

Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies

Katrina Charles^*, Guy Howard, Elena Villalobos Prats, Joshua Gruber, Sadekul Alam, ASM Alamgir, Manish Baidya, Meerjady Sabrina, Farhana Haque, SM Quamrul Hasan, Md Saiful Islam, Dickson Lwetoijera , SG Mahmud, Zahid Hayat Mahmud, Kamal Pasha, Mahmuder Rahman, Ashek Reza, Md Selimuzzaman, Ahmed Sharif, Subodh SharmaJacqueline Thomas, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

Climate resilient water supplies are those that provide access to drinking water that is sustained through seasons and through extreme events, and where good water quality is also sustained. While surface and groundwater quality are widely understood to vary with rainfall, there is a gap in the evidence on the impact of weather and extremes in rainfall and temperature on drinking water quality, and the role of changes in water system management. A three-country (Bangladesh, Nepal and Tanzania) observational field study tracked 2353 households clustered around 685 water sources across seven different geographies over 14 months. Water quality (E. coli) data was modelled using GEE to account for clustering effects and repeated measures at households. All types of infrastructure were vulnerable to changes in weather, with differences varying between geographies; protected boreholes provided the greatest protection at the point of collection (PoC). Water quality at the point of use (PoU) was vulnerable to changes in weather, through changes in PoC water quality as well as changes in management behaviours, such as safe storage, treatment and cleaning. This is the first study to demonstrate the impact of rainfall and temperature extremes on water quality at the PoC, and the role that weather has on PoU water quality via management behaviours. Climate resilience for water supplies needs to consider the infrastructure as well as the management decisions that are taking place at a community and household level.

Original language	English
Article number	151876
Journal	Science of The Total Environment
Volume	813
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876
Publication status	Published - 20 Mar 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This research was funded by UK Aid Direct from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) for the benefit of developing countries (Programme Code 203599 ). KC received additional funding from UK Aid Direct from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) (Programme Code 201880 ). However, the views expressed and information contained in it are not necessarily those of or endorsed by FCDO, which can accept no responsibility for such views or information or for any reliance placed on them.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors

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Charles, K., Howard, G., Villalobos Prats, E., Gruber, J., Alam, S., Alamgir, ASM., Baidya, M., Sabrina, M., Haque, F., Hasan, SM. Q., Islam, M. S., Lwetoijera , D., Mahmud, SG., Mahmud, Z. H., Pasha, K., Rahman, M., Reza, A., Selimuzzaman, M., Sharif, A., ... Campbell-Lendrum, D. (2022). Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies. Science of The Total Environment, 813, [151876]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876

@article{92cc5791168b457a93c7458890f1bf26,

title = "Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies",

abstract = "Climate resilient water supplies are those that provide access to drinking water that is sustained through seasons and through extreme events, and where good water quality is also sustained. While surface and groundwater quality are widely understood to vary with rainfall, there is a gap in the evidence on the impact of weather and extremes in rainfall and temperature on drinking water quality, and the role of changes in water system management. A three-country (Bangladesh, Nepal and Tanzania) observational field study tracked 2353 households clustered around 685 water sources across seven different geographies over 14 months. Water quality (E. coli) data was modelled using GEE to account for clustering effects and repeated measures at households. All types of infrastructure were vulnerable to changes in weather, with differences varying between geographies; protected boreholes provided the greatest protection at the point of collection (PoC). Water quality at the point of use (PoU) was vulnerable to changes in weather, through changes in PoC water quality as well as changes in management behaviours, such as safe storage, treatment and cleaning. This is the first study to demonstrate the impact of rainfall and temperature extremes on water quality at the PoC, and the role that weather has on PoU water quality via management behaviours. Climate resilience for water supplies needs to consider the infrastructure as well as the management decisions that are taking place at a community and household level.",

author = "Katrina Charles and Guy Howard and {Villalobos Prats}, Elena and Joshua Gruber and Sadekul Alam and ASM Alamgir and Manish Baidya and Meerjady Sabrina and Farhana Haque and Hasan, {SM Quamrul} and Islam, {Md Saiful} and Dickson Lwetoijera and SG Mahmud and Mahmud, {Zahid Hayat} and Kamal Pasha and Mahmuder Rahman and Ashek Reza and Md Selimuzzaman and Ahmed Sharif and Subodh Sharma and Jacqueline Thomas and Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum",

note = "Funding Information: This research was funded by UK Aid Direct from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) for the benefit of developing countries (Programme Code 203599 ). KC received additional funding from UK Aid Direct from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) (Programme Code 201880 ). However, the views expressed and information contained in it are not necessarily those of or endorsed by FCDO, which can accept no responsibility for such views or information or for any reliance placed on them. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Authors",

year = "2022",

month = mar,

day = "20",

doi = "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876",

language = "English",

volume = "813",

journal = "Science of The Total Environment",

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Charles, K, Howard, G, Villalobos Prats, E, Gruber, J, Alam, S, Alamgir, ASM, Baidya, M, Sabrina, M, Haque, F, Hasan, SMQ, Islam, MS, Lwetoijera , D, Mahmud, SG, Mahmud, ZH, Pasha, K, Rahman, M, Reza, A, Selimuzzaman, M, Sharif, A, Sharma, S, Thomas, J & Campbell-Lendrum, D 2022, 'Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies', Science of The Total Environment, vol. 813, 151876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876

TY - JOUR

T1 - Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies

AU - Charles, Katrina

AU - Howard, Guy

AU - Villalobos Prats, Elena

AU - Gruber, Joshua

AU - Alam, Sadekul

AU - Alamgir, ASM

AU - Baidya, Manish

AU - Sabrina, Meerjady

AU - Haque, Farhana

AU - Hasan, SM Quamrul

AU - Islam, Md Saiful

AU - Lwetoijera , Dickson

AU - Mahmud, SG

AU - Mahmud, Zahid Hayat

AU - Pasha, Kamal

AU - Rahman, Mahmuder

AU - Reza, Ashek

AU - Selimuzzaman, Md

AU - Sharif, Ahmed

AU - Sharma, Subodh

AU - Thomas, Jacqueline

AU - Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid

N1 - Funding Information: This research was funded by UK Aid Direct from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) for the benefit of developing countries (Programme Code 203599 ). KC received additional funding from UK Aid Direct from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) (Programme Code 201880 ). However, the views expressed and information contained in it are not necessarily those of or endorsed by FCDO, which can accept no responsibility for such views or information or for any reliance placed on them. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors

PY - 2022/3/20

Y1 - 2022/3/20

N2 - Climate resilient water supplies are those that provide access to drinking water that is sustained through seasons and through extreme events, and where good water quality is also sustained. While surface and groundwater quality are widely understood to vary with rainfall, there is a gap in the evidence on the impact of weather and extremes in rainfall and temperature on drinking water quality, and the role of changes in water system management. A three-country (Bangladesh, Nepal and Tanzania) observational field study tracked 2353 households clustered around 685 water sources across seven different geographies over 14 months. Water quality (E. coli) data was modelled using GEE to account for clustering effects and repeated measures at households. All types of infrastructure were vulnerable to changes in weather, with differences varying between geographies; protected boreholes provided the greatest protection at the point of collection (PoC). Water quality at the point of use (PoU) was vulnerable to changes in weather, through changes in PoC water quality as well as changes in management behaviours, such as safe storage, treatment and cleaning. This is the first study to demonstrate the impact of rainfall and temperature extremes on water quality at the PoC, and the role that weather has on PoU water quality via management behaviours. Climate resilience for water supplies needs to consider the infrastructure as well as the management decisions that are taking place at a community and household level.

AB - Climate resilient water supplies are those that provide access to drinking water that is sustained through seasons and through extreme events, and where good water quality is also sustained. While surface and groundwater quality are widely understood to vary with rainfall, there is a gap in the evidence on the impact of weather and extremes in rainfall and temperature on drinking water quality, and the role of changes in water system management. A three-country (Bangladesh, Nepal and Tanzania) observational field study tracked 2353 households clustered around 685 water sources across seven different geographies over 14 months. Water quality (E. coli) data was modelled using GEE to account for clustering effects and repeated measures at households. All types of infrastructure were vulnerable to changes in weather, with differences varying between geographies; protected boreholes provided the greatest protection at the point of collection (PoC). Water quality at the point of use (PoU) was vulnerable to changes in weather, through changes in PoC water quality as well as changes in management behaviours, such as safe storage, treatment and cleaning. This is the first study to demonstrate the impact of rainfall and temperature extremes on water quality at the PoC, and the role that weather has on PoU water quality via management behaviours. Climate resilience for water supplies needs to consider the infrastructure as well as the management decisions that are taking place at a community and household level.

U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876

DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876

M3 - Article (Academic Journal)

C2 - 34826465

VL - 813

JO - Science of The Total Environment

JF - Science of The Total Environment

SN - 0048-9697

M1 - 151876

ER -

Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies

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