Knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication among adults in the central region of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Background:
Public health concerns about self-medication (SM) are growing worldwide. SM can manage minor ailments, reduce healthcare system burdens, and empower patients to manage their health, but it is crucial to understand the potential risks and consequences associated with improper use. Its misuse is also dangerous. This study seeks to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning SM among the general population in the central region of Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study utilized questionnaires to gather data. The distribution started on 6 June 2025 and ended on 11 December 2025.

Results:
The questionnaire was completed by 384 people. Females had slightly higher knowledge Median = 2.50, IQR = 2.17–2.67 and 40–50-year-olds had the highest knowledge. The most common reason for SM was headache (336; 87.5%), followed by cold and flu (315; 82.0%) and fever (283; 73.7%). Stomach-ache (221; 57.6%), insomnia (184; 47.9%), and menstrual symptoms were moderately common. The most common was minor illness (329; 85.7%), indicating that 9SM is acceptable for simple, self-limiting health issues. Over half of participants cited lack of time to see a doctor (210; 54.7%) and pharmacological knowledge (208; 54.2%) as motivators. Personal experience (324; 84.4%) was the most influential factor, indicating that people SM based on their knowledge of previous illnesses and treatments. Family members’ opinions had a significant impact (272; 70.8%), reflecting family dynamics and social support in the cultural context.

Conclusion:
The findings indicate that SM is a common health behavior, largely associated with perceptions of minor illness, convenience, prior personal experience, and social influences. No statistically significant differences were observed across several demographic comparisons in knowledge and attitude scores. These findings should be interpreted cautiously, particularly given the absence of multivariable analysis and the overrepresentation of younger adults and university graduates in the sample.