Leveraging Blockchain and IoT for Smarter Construction: Digital Transformation of Modular Construction for Sustainability

Modular Construction (MC) is gaining recognition as a key contributor to sustainable urban development, thanks to its efficiency, reduced waste, and design flexibility. Despite these advantages, the sector continues to grapple with challenges related to transparency, lifecycle traceability, and compliance with carbon reporting requirements. This study explores how integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies can support the adoption of Digital Product Passports (DPPs) to improve lifecycle monitoring and sustainability outcomes in MC. Drawing on insights from half dozen semi-structured interviews with industry experts, the research identifies critical enablers and barriers to digital innovation, emphasizing the potential of DPPs to support material tracking, informed deconstruction planning, and more efficient carbon reporting. The study also introduces a process-oriented framework that illustrates how blockchain-enabled DPPs could enhance monitoring, planning, and regulatory compliance across the building lifecycle. However, successful implementation will require cross-sector collaboration, standardized policies, and investment in workforce training and digital infrastructure. Future research should aim to assess the long-term effects of the proposed technologies on transparency and stakeholder engagement throughout the construction lifecycle.