Mapping Mid-Air Haptics With a Low-Cost Tactile Robot

Mid-air haptics create a new mode of feedback to allow people to feel tactile sensations in the air. Ultrasonic arrays focus acoustic radiation pressure in space, to induce tactile sensation from the resulting skin deflection. In this work, we present a low-cost tactile robot to test mid-air haptics. By combining a desktop robot arm with a 3D-printed biomimetic tactile sensor, we developed a system that can sense, map, and visualize mid-air haptic sensations created by an ultrasonic transducer array. We evaluate our tactile robot by testing it on a variety of mid-air haptic stimuli, including unmodulated and modulated focal points that create a range of haptic shapes. We compare the mapping of the stimuli to another method used to test mid-air haptics: Laser Doppler Vibrometry, highlighting the advantages of the tactile robot including far lower cost, a small lightweight form-factor, and ease-of-use. Overall, these findings indicate our method has multiple benefits for sensing mid-air haptics and opens up new possibilities for expanding the testing to better emulate human haptic perception.