Abstract
There is considerable variability in developmental outcomes of children whose mothers experience depression. Few longitudinal studies have examined contributions of paternal involvement in the association between maternal postnatal depression (PND) and offspring development. We examined pathways from maternal PND at 8 weeks (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; total score) to offspring emotional and behavioural development at 7 years (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; total score) through behavioural, affective and cognitive dimensions of paternal involvement in a UK-based birth cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; n=3,434). Analyses were adjusted for baseline confounders and paternal postnatal depression (PND; Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; total score) as an intermediate confounder. Maternal PND was strongly associated with offspring development, but this association was not mediated by the combination of all indirect pathways through various dimensions of paternal involvement. Only father-child conflict emerged as a risk factor for adverse offspring development and as a mediator in the association between maternal PND and offspring development (albeit the effect size was small). If found causal, interventions that reduce father-child conflict may reduce the risk of adverse development in offspring of mothers with PND.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 770-785 |
| Number of pages | 16 |
| Journal | Developmental Psychology |
| Volume | 59 |
| Issue number | 4 |
| Early online date | 17 Nov 2023 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | E-pub ahead of print - 17 Nov 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The U.K. Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust (217065/Z/19/Z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). This publication is the work of the authors, and Iryna Culpin will serve as guarantor for the contents of this article. This research was funded in whole by the Wellcome Trust Research Fellowship in Humanities and Social Science (212664/Z/18/Z) awarded to Iryna Culpin. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright license to any author accepted manuscript version arising from this submission.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 American Psychological Association
Keywords
- ALSPAC
- maternal postnatal depression
- paternal postnatal depression
- paternal involvement
- offspring development
- population-based study