Methane fueled lake pelagic food webs in a Cretaceous greenhouse world

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas but also an important carbon and energy substrate for some lake food webs. Understanding how CH4 incorporates into food webs is, therefore, crucial for unravelling CH4 cycling and its impacts on climate and ecosystems. However, CH4-fueled lake food webs from pre-Holocene intervals, particularly during greenhouse climates in Earth history, have received relatively little attention. Here we present a long-term record of CH4-fueled pelagic food webs across the Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (~120 million years ago) that serves as a geological analog to future warming. We show an exceptionally strong expansion of both methanogens and CH4-oxidizing bacteria (up to 87% of hopanoid-producing bacteria) during this Event. Grazing on CH4-oxidizing bacteria by zooplankton (up to 47% of ciliate diets) within the chemocline transferred substantial CH4-derived carbon to the higher trophic levels, representing an important CH4 sink in the water column. Our findings suggest that as Earth warms, microbial CH4 cycling could restructure food webs and fundamentally alter carbon and energy flows and trophic pathways in lake ecosystems