Abstract
Background: Several protective factors have been identified for mental health (MH) resilience in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. However, it is unclear if these effects persist into adulthood.
Methods: Depressed parents and their offspring (N=188) from the Early Prediction of
Adolescent Depression (EPAD) study were assessed four times (mean offspring ages 12.39, 13.77, 14.82, and 23.41). MH resilience was examined using residual scores (better-than-expected mood-, behaviour-, or anxiety-related MH at mean age 23 given risk exposure), and categorically as sustained good MH across adolescence and young adulthood.
Results: Only 9.2% of young adults demonstrated sustained good MH. Parents of resilient individuals showed lower comorbidity (anxiety, antisocial behaviour and harmful drinking) and higher depression remission. Considering adolescent protective factors, weak evidence was observed of associations of mood-resilience with adolescent peer-relationship quality (β=-0.20, 95%CI:-0.36, -0.04); friendship quality (β=-0.14, 95%CI:-0.31, 0.02]); risk adjustment (β=-0.16, 95%CI:-0.34, 0.03) and dysfunctional attitudes (β = 0.18, 95%CI:0.01, 0.35). There was weak evidence of an association of behavioural-resilience with parent positive expressed emotion (EE) (β =-0.15, 95%CI:-0.31, 0.02) and offspring exercise (β=-0.37, 95%CI:-0.77, 0.03). No adolescent protective factors showed association with anxiety-resilience. For sustained good MH, there was weak evidence of an association with inhibitory control (OR=0.39, 95%CI:0.14, 1.07). Strong evidence was observed for associations between young adultreported peer relationship quality and mood-resilience (β=-0.35, 95%CI:-0.53, -0.17), behavioural-resilience (β=-0.33, 95%CI:-0.51, -0.14) and anxiety-resilience (β=-0.34, 95%CI:-0.53, -0.14 ), while weak evidence was observed of an association of social activities with anxiety-resilience (β=-0.51, 95%CI:-0.97, -0.06).
Conclusions: We found limited evidence for long-lasting effects of adolescence protective factors on adult MH resilience. Social factors remained protective into young adulthood while family factors did not. Early preventative intervention might not be sufficient to maintain good long-term MH and young people likely require more prolonged support.
Methods: Depressed parents and their offspring (N=188) from the Early Prediction of
Adolescent Depression (EPAD) study were assessed four times (mean offspring ages 12.39, 13.77, 14.82, and 23.41). MH resilience was examined using residual scores (better-than-expected mood-, behaviour-, or anxiety-related MH at mean age 23 given risk exposure), and categorically as sustained good MH across adolescence and young adulthood.
Results: Only 9.2% of young adults demonstrated sustained good MH. Parents of resilient individuals showed lower comorbidity (anxiety, antisocial behaviour and harmful drinking) and higher depression remission. Considering adolescent protective factors, weak evidence was observed of associations of mood-resilience with adolescent peer-relationship quality (β=-0.20, 95%CI:-0.36, -0.04); friendship quality (β=-0.14, 95%CI:-0.31, 0.02]); risk adjustment (β=-0.16, 95%CI:-0.34, 0.03) and dysfunctional attitudes (β = 0.18, 95%CI:0.01, 0.35). There was weak evidence of an association of behavioural-resilience with parent positive expressed emotion (EE) (β =-0.15, 95%CI:-0.31, 0.02) and offspring exercise (β=-0.37, 95%CI:-0.77, 0.03). No adolescent protective factors showed association with anxiety-resilience. For sustained good MH, there was weak evidence of an association with inhibitory control (OR=0.39, 95%CI:0.14, 1.07). Strong evidence was observed for associations between young adultreported peer relationship quality and mood-resilience (β=-0.35, 95%CI:-0.53, -0.17), behavioural-resilience (β=-0.33, 95%CI:-0.51, -0.14) and anxiety-resilience (β=-0.34, 95%CI:-0.53, -0.14 ), while weak evidence was observed of an association of social activities with anxiety-resilience (β=-0.51, 95%CI:-0.97, -0.06).
Conclusions: We found limited evidence for long-lasting effects of adolescence protective factors on adult MH resilience. Social factors remained protective into young adulthood while family factors did not. Early preventative intervention might not be sufficient to maintain good long-term MH and young people likely require more prolonged support.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | e12240 |
| Number of pages | 15 |
| Journal | JCPP Advances |
| Early online date | 18 May 2024 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | E-pub ahead of print - 18 May 2024 |
