Multi-region investigation of 'man' as default in attitudes

Curtis Edward Phills; Jeremy K. Miller; Erin M. Buchanan; Amanda Williams; Chanel Meyers; Elizabeth R. Brown; Janis Zickfeld; Selina Volsa; Stefan Stieger; Elisabeth Oberzaucher; Vinka Mlakic; Martin Vasilev; İlker Dalgar; Sami Çoksan; Sinem Söylemez; Çağlar Solak; Asil Ali Özdoğru; Belemir Çoktok; Chun Chia Kung; Panita Suavansri; Harry Manley; Sara Álvarez-Solas; Danilo Zambrano Ricaurte; Ivan Ropovik; Gabriel Baník; Peter Babinčák; Matúš Adamkovič; Pavol Kačmár; Monika Hricová; Jozef Bavoľár; Lisa Li; Fei Gao; Zhong Chen; Vanja Ković; Vasilije Gvozdenović; Patrícia Arriaga; Katarzyna Filip; Krystian Barzykowski; Sylwia Adamus; Gerit Pfuhl; Sarah E. Martiny; Kristoffer Klevjer; Frederike S. Woelfert; Christian K. Tamnes; Jonas R. Kunst; Max Korbmacher; Margaret Messiah Singh; Sraddha Pradhan; Noorshama Parveen; Arti Parganiha; Babita Pande; Pratibha Kujur; Priyanka Chandel; Niv Reggev; Aviv Mokady; Marietta Papadatou-Pastou; Roxane Schnepper; Jan Philipp Röer; Tilli Ripp; Ekaterina Pronizius; Claus Lamm; Martin Voracek; Jerome Olsen; Janina Enachescu; Carlota Batres; Daniel Storage; Carmel A. Levitan; Manyu Li; Leigh Ann Vaughn; William J. Chopik; Kathleen Schmidt; Peter R. Mallik; Savannah Lewis; Brynna Leach; Brianna Jurosic; David Moreau; Izuchukwu Lawrence Gabriel Ndukaihe; Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze; Steve M.J. Janssen; Alicia Foo; Chrystalle B.Y. Tan; Glenn P. Williams; Danny Riis; Bethany M. Lane; Dermot Lynott; Thomas Rhys Evans; Miroslav Sirota; Dawn L. Holford; Kaitlyn M. Werner; Kelly Wang; Marina Milyavskaya; Ian D. Stephen; Robert M. Ross; Andrew Roberts; Omid Ghasemi; Niklas K. Steffens; Kim Peters; Barnaby Dixson; Marco Antonio Correa Varella; Jaroslava V. Valentova; Anthonieta Looman Mafra; Rafael Ming Chi Santos Hsu; Yago Luksevicius De Moraes; Luana Oliveira Da Silva; Caio Santos Alves Da Silva; Mai Helmy; Mariah Balderrama; Ali H. Al-Hoorie; Tyler McGee; Zahir Vally; Attila Szuts; Patrick Forscher; Pablo Bernabeu; Balazs Aczel; Anna Szabelska; Sau Chin Chen; Christopher R. Chartier; Zoltan Kekecs

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0323938

Multi-region investigation of 'man' as default in attitudes

Curtis Edward Phills^*, Jeremy K. Miller, Erin M. Buchanan, Amanda Williams, Chanel Meyers, Elizabeth R. Brown, Janis Zickfeld, Selina Volsa, Stefan Stieger, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Vinka Mlakic, Martin Vasilev, İlker Dalgar, Sami Çoksan, Sinem Söylemez, Çağlar Solak, Asil Ali Özdoğru, Belemir Çoktok, Chun Chia Kung, Panita SuavansriHarry Manley, Sara Álvarez-Solas, Danilo Zambrano Ricaurte, Ivan Ropovik, Gabriel Baník, Peter Babinčák, Matúš Adamkovič, Pavol Kačmár, Monika Hricová, Jozef Bavoľár, Lisa Li, Fei Gao, Zhong Chen, Vanja Ković, Vasilije Gvozdenović, Patrícia Arriaga, Katarzyna Filip, Krystian Barzykowski, Sylwia Adamus, Gerit Pfuhl, Sarah E. Martiny, Kristoffer Klevjer, Frederike S. Woelfert, Christian K. Tamnes, Jonas R. Kunst, Max Korbmacher, Margaret Messiah Singh, Sraddha Pradhan, Noorshama Parveen, Arti Parganiha, Babita Pande, Pratibha Kujur, Priyanka Chandel, Niv Reggev, Aviv Mokady, Marietta Papadatou-Pastou, Roxane Schnepper, Jan Philipp Röer, Tilli Ripp, Ekaterina Pronizius, Claus Lamm, Martin Voracek, Jerome Olsen, Janina Enachescu, Carlota Batres, Daniel Storage, Carmel A. Levitan, Manyu Li, Leigh Ann Vaughn, William J. Chopik, Kathleen Schmidt, Peter R. Mallik, Savannah Lewis, Brynna Leach, Brianna Jurosic, David Moreau, Izuchukwu Lawrence Gabriel Ndukaihe, Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze, Steve M.J. Janssen, Alicia Foo, Chrystalle B.Y. Tan, Glenn P. Williams, Danny Riis, Bethany M. Lane, Dermot Lynott, Thomas Rhys Evans, Miroslav Sirota, Dawn L. Holford, Kaitlyn M. Werner, Kelly Wang, Marina Milyavskaya, Ian D. Stephen, Robert M. Ross, Andrew Roberts, Omid Ghasemi, Niklas K. Steffens, Kim Peters, Barnaby Dixson, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Jaroslava V. Valentova, Anthonieta Looman Mafra, Rafael Ming Chi Santos Hsu, Yago Luksevicius De Moraes, Luana Oliveira Da Silva, Caio Santos Alves Da Silva, Mai Helmy, Mariah Balderrama, Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Tyler McGee, Zahir Vally, Attila Szuts, Patrick Forscher, Pablo Bernabeu, Balazs Aczel, Anna Szabelska, Sau Chin Chen, Christopher R. Chartier, Zoltan Kekecs

^*Corresponding author for this work

School of Psychological Science

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Abstract

Previous research has studied the extent to which men are the default members of social groups in terms of memory, categorization, and stereotyping, but not attitudes which is critical because of attitudes’ relationship to behavior. Results from our survey (N>5000) collected via a globally distributed laboratory network in over 40 regions demonstrated that attitudes toward Black people and politicians had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward the men rather than the women of the group. However, attitudes toward White people had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward White women than White men, whereas attitudes toward East Asian people, police officers, and criminals did not have a stronger relationship with attitudes toward either the men or women of each respective group. Regional agreement with traditional gender roles was explored as a potential moderator. These findings have implications for understanding the unique forms of prejudice women face around the world.

Original language	English
Article number	e0323938
Number of pages	19
Journal	PLOS ONE
Volume	20
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323938
Publication status	Published - 25 Jun 2025

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© 2025 Phills et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Phills, C. E., Miller, J. K., Buchanan, E. M., Williams, A., Meyers, C., Brown, E. R., Zickfeld, J., Volsa, S., Stieger, S., Oberzaucher, E., Mlakic, V., Vasilev, M., Dalgar, İ., Çoksan, S., Söylemez, S., Solak, Ç., Özdoğru, A. A., Çoktok, B., Kung, C. C., ... Kekecs, Z. (2025). Multi-region investigation of 'man' as default in attitudes. PLOS ONE, 20(6), Article e0323938. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323938

@article{a19ed63d2aee425bbfb72c537fd7c5ed,

title = "Multi-region investigation of 'man' as default in attitudes",

abstract = "Previous research has studied the extent to which men are the default members of social groups in terms of memory, categorization, and stereotyping, but not attitudes which is critical because of attitudes{\textquoteright} relationship to behavior. Results from our survey (N>5000) collected via a globally distributed laboratory network in over 40 regions demonstrated that attitudes toward Black people and politicians had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward the men rather than the women of the group. However, attitudes toward White people had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward White women than White men, whereas attitudes toward East Asian people, police officers, and criminals did not have a stronger relationship with attitudes toward either the men or women of each respective group. Regional agreement with traditional gender roles was explored as a potential moderator. These findings have implications for understanding the unique forms of prejudice women face around the world.",

author = "Phills, \{Curtis Edward\} and Miller, \{Jeremy K.\} and Buchanan, \{Erin M.\} and Amanda Williams and Chanel Meyers and Brown, \{Elizabeth R.\} and Janis Zickfeld and Selina Volsa and Stefan Stieger and Elisabeth Oberzaucher and Vinka Mlakic and Martin Vasilev and İlker Dalgar and Sami {\c C}oksan and Sinem S{\"o}ylemez and {\c C}ağlar Solak and {\"O}zdoğru, \{Asil Ali\} and Belemir {\c C}oktok and Kung, \{Chun Chia\} and Panita Suavansri and Harry Manley and Sara {\'A}lvarez-Solas and Ricaurte, \{Danilo Zambrano\} and Ivan Ropovik and Gabriel Ban{\'i}k and Peter Babin{\v c}{\'a}k and Mat{\'u}{\v s} Adamkovi{\v c} and Pavol Ka{\v c}m{\'a}r and Monika Hricov{\'a} and Jozef Bavo{\v I}{\'a}r and Lisa Li and Fei Gao and Zhong Chen and Vanja Kovi{\'c} and Vasilije Gvozdenovi{\'c} and Patr{\'i}cia Arriaga and Katarzyna Filip and Krystian Barzykowski and Sylwia Adamus and Gerit Pfuhl and Martiny, \{Sarah E.\} and Kristoffer Klevjer and Woelfert, \{Frederike S.\} and Tamnes, \{Christian K.\} and Kunst, \{Jonas R.\} and Max Korbmacher and Singh, \{Margaret Messiah\} and Sraddha Pradhan and Noorshama Parveen and Arti Parganiha and Babita Pande and Pratibha Kujur and Priyanka Chandel and Niv Reggev and Aviv Mokady and Marietta Papadatou-Pastou and Roxane Schnepper and R{\"o}er, \{Jan Philipp\} and Tilli Ripp and Ekaterina Pronizius and Claus Lamm and Martin Voracek and Jerome Olsen and Janina Enachescu and Carlota Batres and Daniel Storage and Levitan, \{Carmel A.\} and Manyu Li and Vaughn, \{Leigh Ann\} and Chopik, \{William J.\} and Kathleen Schmidt and Mallik, \{Peter R.\} and Savannah Lewis and Brynna Leach and Brianna Jurosic and David Moreau and Ndukaihe, \{Izuchukwu Lawrence Gabriel\} and Arinze, \{Nwadiogo Chisom\} and Janssen, \{Steve M.J.\} and Alicia Foo and Tan, \{Chrystalle B.Y.\} and Williams, \{Glenn P.\} and Danny Riis and Lane, \{Bethany M.\} and Dermot Lynott and Evans, \{Thomas Rhys\} and Miroslav Sirota and Holford, \{Dawn L.\} and Werner, \{Kaitlyn M.\} and Kelly Wang and Marina Milyavskaya and Stephen, \{Ian D.\} and Ross, \{Robert M.\} and Andrew Roberts and Omid Ghasemi and Steffens, \{Niklas K.\} and Kim Peters and Barnaby Dixson and Varella, \{Marco Antonio Correa\} and Valentova, \{Jaroslava V.\} and Mafra, \{Anthonieta Looman\} and Hsu, \{Rafael Ming Chi Santos\} and \{De Moraes\}, \{Yago Luksevicius\} and \{Da Silva\}, \{Luana Oliveira\} and \{Da Silva\}, \{Caio Santos Alves\} and Mai Helmy and Mariah Balderrama and Al-Hoorie, \{Ali H.\} and Tyler McGee and Zahir Vally and Attila Szuts and Patrick Forscher and Pablo Bernabeu and Balazs Aczel and Anna Szabelska and Chen, \{Sau Chin\} and Chartier, \{Christopher R.\} and Zoltan Kekecs",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 Phills et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",

year = "2025",

month = jun,

day = "25",

doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0323938",

language = "English",

volume = "20",

journal = "PLOS ONE",

issn = "1932-6203",

publisher = "Public Library of Science",

number = "6",

}

Phills, CE, Miller, JK, Buchanan, EM, Williams, A, Meyers, C, Brown, ER, Zickfeld, J, Volsa, S, Stieger, S, Oberzaucher, E, Mlakic, V, Vasilev, M, Dalgar, İ, Çoksan, S, Söylemez, S, Solak, Ç, Özdoğru, AA, Çoktok, B, Kung, CC, Suavansri, P, Manley, H, Álvarez-Solas, S, Ricaurte, DZ, Ropovik, I, Baník, G, Babinčák, P, Adamkovič, M, Kačmár, P, Hricová, M, Bavoľár, J, Li, L, Gao, F, Chen, Z, Ković, V, Gvozdenović, V, Arriaga, P, Filip, K, Barzykowski, K, Adamus, S, Pfuhl, G, Martiny, SE, Klevjer, K, Woelfert, FS, Tamnes, CK, Kunst, JR, Korbmacher, M, Singh, MM, Pradhan, S, Parveen, N, Parganiha, A, Pande, B, Kujur, P, Chandel, P, Reggev, N, Mokady, A, Papadatou-Pastou, M, Schnepper, R, Röer, JP, Ripp, T, Pronizius, E, Lamm, C, Voracek, M, Olsen, J, Enachescu, J, Batres, C, Storage, D, Levitan, CA, Li, M, Vaughn, LA, Chopik, WJ, Schmidt, K, Mallik, PR, Lewis, S, Leach, B, Jurosic, B, Moreau, D, Ndukaihe, ILG, Arinze, NC, Janssen, SMJ, Foo, A, Tan, CBY, Williams, GP, Riis, D, Lane, BM, Lynott, D, Evans, TR, Sirota, M, Holford, DL, Werner, KM, Wang, K, Milyavskaya, M, Stephen, ID, Ross, RM, Roberts, A, Ghasemi, O, Steffens, NK, Peters, K, Dixson, B, Varella, MAC, Valentova, JV, Mafra, AL, Hsu, RMCS, De Moraes, YL, Da Silva, LO, Da Silva, CSA, Helmy, M, Balderrama, M, Al-Hoorie, AH, McGee, T, Vally, Z, Szuts, A, Forscher, P, Bernabeu, P, Aczel, B, Szabelska, A, Chen, SC, Chartier, CR & Kekecs, Z 2025, 'Multi-region investigation of 'man' as default in attitudes', PLOS ONE, vol. 20, no. 6, e0323938. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323938

TY - JOUR

T1 - Multi-region investigation of 'man' as default in attitudes

AU - Phills, Curtis Edward

AU - Miller, Jeremy K.

AU - Buchanan, Erin M.

AU - Williams, Amanda

AU - Meyers, Chanel

AU - Brown, Elizabeth R.

AU - Zickfeld, Janis

AU - Volsa, Selina

AU - Stieger, Stefan

AU - Oberzaucher, Elisabeth

AU - Mlakic, Vinka

AU - Vasilev, Martin

AU - Dalgar, İlker

AU - Çoksan, Sami

AU - Söylemez, Sinem

AU - Solak, Çağlar

AU - Özdoğru, Asil Ali

AU - Çoktok, Belemir

AU - Kung, Chun Chia

AU - Suavansri, Panita

AU - Manley, Harry

AU - Álvarez-Solas, Sara

AU - Ricaurte, Danilo Zambrano

AU - Ropovik, Ivan

AU - Baník, Gabriel

AU - Babinčák, Peter

AU - Adamkovič, Matúš

AU - Kačmár, Pavol

AU - Hricová, Monika

AU - Bavoľár, Jozef

AU - Li, Lisa

AU - Gao, Fei

AU - Chen, Zhong

AU - Ković, Vanja

AU - Gvozdenović, Vasilije

AU - Arriaga, Patrícia

AU - Filip, Katarzyna

AU - Barzykowski, Krystian

AU - Adamus, Sylwia

AU - Pfuhl, Gerit

AU - Martiny, Sarah E.

AU - Klevjer, Kristoffer

AU - Woelfert, Frederike S.

AU - Tamnes, Christian K.

AU - Kunst, Jonas R.

AU - Korbmacher, Max

AU - Singh, Margaret Messiah

AU - Pradhan, Sraddha

AU - Parveen, Noorshama

AU - Parganiha, Arti

AU - Pande, Babita

AU - Kujur, Pratibha

AU - Chandel, Priyanka

AU - Reggev, Niv

AU - Mokady, Aviv

AU - Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta

AU - Schnepper, Roxane

AU - Röer, Jan Philipp

AU - Ripp, Tilli

AU - Pronizius, Ekaterina

AU - Lamm, Claus

AU - Voracek, Martin

AU - Olsen, Jerome

AU - Enachescu, Janina

AU - Batres, Carlota

AU - Storage, Daniel

AU - Levitan, Carmel A.

AU - Li, Manyu

AU - Vaughn, Leigh Ann

AU - Chopik, William J.

AU - Schmidt, Kathleen

AU - Mallik, Peter R.

AU - Lewis, Savannah

AU - Leach, Brynna

AU - Jurosic, Brianna

AU - Moreau, David

AU - Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu Lawrence Gabriel

AU - Arinze, Nwadiogo Chisom

AU - Janssen, Steve M.J.

AU - Foo, Alicia

AU - Tan, Chrystalle B.Y.

AU - Williams, Glenn P.

AU - Riis, Danny

AU - Lane, Bethany M.

AU - Lynott, Dermot

AU - Evans, Thomas Rhys

AU - Sirota, Miroslav

AU - Holford, Dawn L.

AU - Werner, Kaitlyn M.

AU - Wang, Kelly

AU - Milyavskaya, Marina

AU - Stephen, Ian D.

AU - Ross, Robert M.

AU - Roberts, Andrew

AU - Ghasemi, Omid

AU - Steffens, Niklas K.

AU - Peters, Kim

AU - Dixson, Barnaby

AU - Varella, Marco Antonio Correa

AU - Valentova, Jaroslava V.

AU - Mafra, Anthonieta Looman

AU - Hsu, Rafael Ming Chi Santos

AU - De Moraes, Yago Luksevicius

AU - Da Silva, Luana Oliveira

AU - Da Silva, Caio Santos Alves

AU - Helmy, Mai

AU - Balderrama, Mariah

AU - Al-Hoorie, Ali H.

AU - McGee, Tyler

AU - Vally, Zahir

AU - Szuts, Attila

AU - Forscher, Patrick

AU - Bernabeu, Pablo

AU - Aczel, Balazs

AU - Szabelska, Anna

AU - Chen, Sau Chin

AU - Chartier, Christopher R.

AU - Kekecs, Zoltan

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2025 Phills et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

PY - 2025/6/25

Y1 - 2025/6/25

N2 - Previous research has studied the extent to which men are the default members of social groups in terms of memory, categorization, and stereotyping, but not attitudes which is critical because of attitudes’ relationship to behavior. Results from our survey (N>5000) collected via a globally distributed laboratory network in over 40 regions demonstrated that attitudes toward Black people and politicians had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward the men rather than the women of the group. However, attitudes toward White people had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward White women than White men, whereas attitudes toward East Asian people, police officers, and criminals did not have a stronger relationship with attitudes toward either the men or women of each respective group. Regional agreement with traditional gender roles was explored as a potential moderator. These findings have implications for understanding the unique forms of prejudice women face around the world.

AB - Previous research has studied the extent to which men are the default members of social groups in terms of memory, categorization, and stereotyping, but not attitudes which is critical because of attitudes’ relationship to behavior. Results from our survey (N>5000) collected via a globally distributed laboratory network in over 40 regions demonstrated that attitudes toward Black people and politicians had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward the men rather than the women of the group. However, attitudes toward White people had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward White women than White men, whereas attitudes toward East Asian people, police officers, and criminals did not have a stronger relationship with attitudes toward either the men or women of each respective group. Regional agreement with traditional gender roles was explored as a potential moderator. These findings have implications for understanding the unique forms of prejudice women face around the world.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105009289221&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0323938

DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0323938

M3 - Article (Academic Journal)

C2 - 40560856

AN - SCOPUS:105009289221

SN - 1932-6203

VL - 20

JO - PLOS ONE

JF - PLOS ONE

IS - 6

M1 - e0323938

ER -

Multi-region investigation of 'man' as default in attitudes

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