Observations of wrinkling in Non-Crimp Fabrics during multi-ply stack forming using in situ XCT scanning

Claudia Jimenez Martin; Vincent Maes; Sebastian Rosini; Ronan Smith; Ian Sinclair; Mark Mavrogordato; Turlough McMahon; James Kratz

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107880

Observations of wrinkling in Non-Crimp Fabrics during multi-ply stack forming using in situ XCT scanning

Claudia Jimenez Martin, Vincent Maes, Sebastian Rosini, Ronan Smith, Ian Sinclair, Mark Mavrogordato, Turlough McMahon, James Kratz^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article (Academic Journal) › peer-review

4 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

This paper shows the internal evolution of wrinkles occurring in a single diaphragm forming process using time-resolved in situ XCT scanning. Forming trials were carried out over a curved C-spar geometry using Non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) plies of 45°/135°, 0°/90° and 0°/45° orientations arranged in single-orientation and mixed-orientation stacks. Results show most of the diaphragm movement and change in wrinkle size, shape, and location occurs in the early application (<0.1 bar) of vacuum. The further application of vacuum shows consolidation, with wrinkle size decreasing but shape and location remaining largely unchanged. Single-orientation stacks of 45°/135° plies showed the closest resemblance between initial and final wrinkling, while mixed-orientation stacks showed complex wrinkling due to the 0° plies creating internal ply separation due to excess length. Overall, the study shines a light on the internal interaction between layers that occurs during wrinkling, showing mechanisms only observable with XCT.

Original language	English
Article number	107880
Journal	Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
Volume	176
Early online date	4 Nov 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107880
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 4 Nov 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The research presented was supported by Airbus, and the EPSRC through the Centre for Doctoral Training in Composites Manufacture (EP/L015102/1) and the Programme Grant ‘Certification for Design – Reshaping the Testing Pyramid’ (CerTest, EP/S017038/1). XCT imaging was supported by the National Research Facility for Lab X-ray CT (NXCT) at the µ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, University of Southampton (EP/T02593X/1). The support received is gratefully acknowledged.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Authors

Keywords

Fabrics/textiles
Defects
CT analysis
Forming

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Martin, C. J., Maes, V., Rosini, S., Smith, R., Sinclair, I., Mavrogordato, M., McMahon, T., & Kratz, J. (2023). Observations of wrinkling in Non-Crimp Fabrics during multi-ply stack forming using in situ XCT scanning. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 176, Article 107880. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107880

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title = "Observations of wrinkling in Non-Crimp Fabrics during multi-ply stack forming using in situ XCT scanning",

abstract = "This paper shows the internal evolution of wrinkles occurring in a single diaphragm forming process using time-resolved in situ XCT scanning. Forming trials were carried out over a curved C-spar geometry using Non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) plies of 45°/135°, 0°/90° and 0°/45° orientations arranged in single-orientation and mixed-orientation stacks. Results show most of the diaphragm movement and change in wrinkle size, shape, and location occurs in the early application (<0.1 bar) of vacuum. The further application of vacuum shows consolidation, with wrinkle size decreasing but shape and location remaining largely unchanged. Single-orientation stacks of 45°/135° plies showed the closest resemblance between initial and final wrinkling, while mixed-orientation stacks showed complex wrinkling due to the 0° plies creating internal ply separation due to excess length. Overall, the study shines a light on the internal interaction between layers that occurs during wrinkling, showing mechanisms only observable with XCT.",

keywords = "Fabrics/textiles, Defects, CT analysis, Forming",

author = "Martin, {Claudia Jimenez} and Vincent Maes and Sebastian Rosini and Ronan Smith and Ian Sinclair and Mark Mavrogordato and Turlough McMahon and James Kratz",

note = "Funding Information: The research presented was supported by Airbus, and the EPSRC through the Centre for Doctoral Training in Composites Manufacture (EP/L015102/1) and the Programme Grant {\textquoteleft}Certification for Design – Reshaping the Testing Pyramid{\textquoteright} (CerTest, EP/S017038/1). XCT imaging was supported by the National Research Facility for Lab X-ray CT (NXCT) at the µ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, University of Southampton (EP/T02593X/1). The support received is gratefully acknowledged. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors",

year = "2023",

month = nov,

day = "4",

doi = "10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107880",

language = "English",

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journal = "Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing",

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AU - Martin, Claudia Jimenez

AU - Maes, Vincent

AU - Rosini, Sebastian

AU - Smith, Ronan

AU - Sinclair, Ian

AU - Mavrogordato, Mark

AU - McMahon, Turlough

AU - Kratz, James

N1 - Funding Information: The research presented was supported by Airbus, and the EPSRC through the Centre for Doctoral Training in Composites Manufacture (EP/L015102/1) and the Programme Grant ‘Certification for Design – Reshaping the Testing Pyramid’ (CerTest, EP/S017038/1). XCT imaging was supported by the National Research Facility for Lab X-ray CT (NXCT) at the µ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, University of Southampton (EP/T02593X/1). The support received is gratefully acknowledged. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors

PY - 2023/11/4

Y1 - 2023/11/4

N2 - This paper shows the internal evolution of wrinkles occurring in a single diaphragm forming process using time-resolved in situ XCT scanning. Forming trials were carried out over a curved C-spar geometry using Non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) plies of 45°/135°, 0°/90° and 0°/45° orientations arranged in single-orientation and mixed-orientation stacks. Results show most of the diaphragm movement and change in wrinkle size, shape, and location occurs in the early application (<0.1 bar) of vacuum. The further application of vacuum shows consolidation, with wrinkle size decreasing but shape and location remaining largely unchanged. Single-orientation stacks of 45°/135° plies showed the closest resemblance between initial and final wrinkling, while mixed-orientation stacks showed complex wrinkling due to the 0° plies creating internal ply separation due to excess length. Overall, the study shines a light on the internal interaction between layers that occurs during wrinkling, showing mechanisms only observable with XCT.

AB - This paper shows the internal evolution of wrinkles occurring in a single diaphragm forming process using time-resolved in situ XCT scanning. Forming trials were carried out over a curved C-spar geometry using Non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) plies of 45°/135°, 0°/90° and 0°/45° orientations arranged in single-orientation and mixed-orientation stacks. Results show most of the diaphragm movement and change in wrinkle size, shape, and location occurs in the early application (<0.1 bar) of vacuum. The further application of vacuum shows consolidation, with wrinkle size decreasing but shape and location remaining largely unchanged. Single-orientation stacks of 45°/135° plies showed the closest resemblance between initial and final wrinkling, while mixed-orientation stacks showed complex wrinkling due to the 0° plies creating internal ply separation due to excess length. Overall, the study shines a light on the internal interaction between layers that occurs during wrinkling, showing mechanisms only observable with XCT.

KW - Fabrics/textiles

KW - Defects

KW - CT analysis

KW - Forming

UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107880

U2 - 10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107880

DO - 10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107880

M3 - Article (Academic Journal)

SN - 1359-835X

VL - 176

JO - Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

JF - Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

M1 - 107880

ER -

Observations of wrinkling in Non-Crimp Fabrics during multi-ply stack forming using in situ XCT scanning

Abstract

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