On the privacy of mental health apps: An empirical investigation and its implications for app development

Leonardo Horn Iwaya*, Muhammad Ali Babar, Awais Rashid, Chamila Wijayarathna

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticle (Academic Journal)peer-review

19 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

An increasing number of mental health services are now offered through mobile health (mHealth) systems, such as in mobile applications (apps). Although there is an unprecedented growth in the adoption of mental health services, partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns about data privacy risks due to security breaches are also increasing. Whilst some studies have analyzed mHealth apps from different angles, including security, there is relatively little evidence for data privacy issues that may exist in mHealth apps used for mental health services, whose recipients can be particularly vulnerable. This paper reports an empirical study aimed at systematically identifying and understanding data privacy incorporated in mental health apps. We analyzed 27 top-ranked mental health apps from Google Play Store. Our methodology enabled us to perform an in-depth privacy analysis of the apps, covering static and dynamic analysis, data sharing behaviour, server-side tests, privacy impact assessment requests, and privacy policy evaluation. Furthermore, we mapped the findings to the LINDDUN threat taxonomy, describing how threats manifest on the studied apps. The findings reveal important data privacy issues such as unnecessary permissions, insecure cryptography implementations, and leaks of personal data and credentials in logs and web requests. There is also a high risk of user profiling as the apps’ development do not provide foolproof mechanisms against linkability, detectability and identifiability. Data sharing among 3rd-parties and advertisers in the current apps’ ecosystem aggravates this situation. Based on the empirical findings of this study, we provide recommendations to be considered by different stakeholders of mHealth apps in general and apps developers in particular. We conclude that while developers ought to be more knowledgeable in considering and addressing privacy issues, users and health professionals can also play a role by demanding privacy-friendly apps.
Original languageEnglish
Article number2
JournalEmpirical Software Engineering
Volume28
Issue number1
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 8 Nov 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The work has been supported by the Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC) Limited, whose activities are partially funded by the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Programme. The work of L.H. Iwaya has also been partially supported by the European Commission’s H2020 Programme via the CyberSec4Europe project (Grant: 830929), the Swedish Knowledge Foundation via the TRUEdig project, and the Region Värmland via the DigitalWell Arena project (Grant: RV2018-678). Awais Rashid is supported by REPHRAIN, National Research Centre on Privacy, Harm Reduction and Adversarial Influence Online (EPSRC Grant: EP/V011189/1).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s).

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