Randomized Controlled Trial of Urokinase versus Placebo for Nondraining Malignant Pleural Effusion

Eleanor K. Mishra, Amelia O. Clive, Genevieve H. Wills, Helen E. Davies, Andrew E. Stanton, Mohamed Al-Aloul, Alan Hart-Thomas, Justin Pepperell, Matthew Evison, Tarek Saba, Richard Neil Harrison, Anur Guhan, Matthew E. Callister, Ramamurthy Sathyamurthy, Sunita Rehal, John P. Corcoran, Robert Hallifax, Ioannis Psallidas, Nicky Russell, Rachel ShawMelissa Dobson, John M. Wrightson, Alex West, Y. C.Gary Lee, Andrew J. Nunn, Robert F. Miller, Nick A. Maskell, Najib M. Rahman*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticle (Academic Journal)peer-review

46 Citations (Scopus)
530 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

RATIONALE: Patients with malignant pleural effusion experience breathlessness, which is treated by drainage and pleurodesis. Incomplete drainage results in residual dyspnea and pleurodesis failure. Intrapleural fibrinolytics lyse septations within pleural fluid, improving drainage.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of intrapleural urokinase on dyspnea and pleurodesis success in patients with nondraining malignant effusion.

METHODS: We conducted a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. Patients with nondraining effusion were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to intrapleural urokinase (100,000 IU, three doses, 12-hourly) or matched placebo.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Co-primary outcome measures were dyspnea (average daily 100-mm visual analog scale scores over 28 d) and time to pleurodesis failure to 12 months. Secondary outcomes were survival, hospital length of stay, and radiographic change. A total of 71 subjects were randomized (36 received urokinase, 35 placebo) from 12 U.K. centers. The baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. There was no difference in mean dyspnea between groups (mean difference, 3.8 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], -12 to 4.4 mm; P = 0.36). Pleurodesis failure rates were similar (urokinase, 13 of 35 [37%]; placebo, 11 of 34 [32%]; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.2; P = 0.65). Urokinase was associated with decreased effusion size visualized by chest radiography (adjusted relative improvement, -19%; 95% CI, -28 to -11%; P < 0.001), reduced hospital stay (1.6 d; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.6; P = 0.049), and improved survival (69 vs. 48 d; P = 0.026).

CONCLUSIONS: Use of intrapleural urokinase does not reduce dyspnea or improve pleurodesis success compared with placebo and cannot be recommended as an adjunct to pleurodesis. Other palliative treatments should be used. Improvements in hospital stay, radiographic appearance, and survival associated with urokinase require further evaluation. Clinical trial registered with ISRCTN (12852177) and EudraCT (2008-000586-26).

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)502-508
Number of pages7
JournalAmerican Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Volume197
Issue number4
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 15 Feb 2018

Research Groups and Themes

  • Academic Respiratory Unit

Keywords

  • fibrinolytic
  • pleurodesis
  • dyspnea

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