Abstract
Background and Aims
Copper (Cu) is a component of enzymes catalyzing oxidation-reduction reactions. With the persisting burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD), there is evident need to identify biomarkers and potential risk factors for CVD. We therefore examined the association between serum Cu levels and the risk of CVD death in Finnish men and across different body mass index (BMI) categories.
Methods and Results
This Finnish prospective study is based on 1911 men aged 42-60 years who were free of coronary heart disease at baseline. Cu concentrations(mg/l) were determined using atomic absorption spectrometer and categorized into quartiles (<1.0; 1 to <1.1; 1.1 to <1.21; ≥1.21). Participants were categorized into normal weight <25kg/m2, pre-obesity 25-29.9kg/m2, and obesity >30kg/m2. The association between Cu and CVD death was analyzed using multivariable Cox regression models. During a median follow-up of 25.8 years, 358 CVD deaths occurred. The risk of CVD death increased continuously with increasing Cu levels (for non-linearity, p = 0.64). Using the first quartile as reference after adjustment for covariates, the hazard ratios (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for CVD death for Cu concentrations in second, third and fourth quartiles were 1.45(1.05-2.01), 1.69(1.25-2.27), and 1.68(1.23-2.29), respectively. Obese men in the third quartile of serum Cu concentrations had highest risk of CVD death (HR (95%CI) 2.71(1.27-5.78)).
Conclusion
Elevated serum Cu level was associated with increased risk of CVD death across all BMI categories in middle-aged and older Finnish men. Serum Cu may have prognostic implication for CVD mortality risk; however, further studies are needed.
Copper (Cu) is a component of enzymes catalyzing oxidation-reduction reactions. With the persisting burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD), there is evident need to identify biomarkers and potential risk factors for CVD. We therefore examined the association between serum Cu levels and the risk of CVD death in Finnish men and across different body mass index (BMI) categories.
Methods and Results
This Finnish prospective study is based on 1911 men aged 42-60 years who were free of coronary heart disease at baseline. Cu concentrations(mg/l) were determined using atomic absorption spectrometer and categorized into quartiles (<1.0; 1 to <1.1; 1.1 to <1.21; ≥1.21). Participants were categorized into normal weight <25kg/m2, pre-obesity 25-29.9kg/m2, and obesity >30kg/m2. The association between Cu and CVD death was analyzed using multivariable Cox regression models. During a median follow-up of 25.8 years, 358 CVD deaths occurred. The risk of CVD death increased continuously with increasing Cu levels (for non-linearity, p = 0.64). Using the first quartile as reference after adjustment for covariates, the hazard ratios (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for CVD death for Cu concentrations in second, third and fourth quartiles were 1.45(1.05-2.01), 1.69(1.25-2.27), and 1.68(1.23-2.29), respectively. Obese men in the third quartile of serum Cu concentrations had highest risk of CVD death (HR (95%CI) 2.71(1.27-5.78)).
Conclusion
Elevated serum Cu level was associated with increased risk of CVD death across all BMI categories in middle-aged and older Finnish men. Serum Cu may have prognostic implication for CVD mortality risk; however, further studies are needed.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 151-157 |
| Number of pages | 7 |
| Journal | Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases |
| Volume | 33 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| Early online date | 5 Oct 2022 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Jan 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This research is supported by grants from the North Savo Regional Fund and Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research ( 200083 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors
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This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Elsevier at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.024. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher.