TY - JOUR
T1 - Spatial variation of PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5 absorbance and PMcoarse concentrations between and within 20 European study areas and the relationship with NO2 - Results of the ESCAPE project
AU - Eeftens, Marloes
AU - Tsai, Ming-Yi
AU - Ampe, Christophe
AU - Anwander, Bernhard
AU - Beelen, Rob
AU - Bellander, Tom
AU - Cesaroni, Giulia
AU - Cirach, Marta
AU - Cyrys, Josef
AU - de Hoogh, Kees
AU - De Nazelle, Audrey
AU - de Vocht, Frank
AU - Declercq, Christophe
AU - Dedele, Audrius
AU - Eriksen, Kirsten
AU - Galassi, Claudia
AU - Grazuleviciene, Regina
AU - Grivas, Georgios
AU - Heinrich, Joachim
AU - Hoffmann, Barbara
AU - Iakovides, Minas
AU - Ineichen, Alex
AU - Katsouyanni, Klea
AU - Korek, Michal
AU - Kraemer, Ursula
AU - Kuhlbusch, Thomas
AU - Lanki, Timo
AU - Madsen, Christian
AU - Meliefste, Kees
AU - Moelter, Anna
AU - Mosler, Gioia
AU - Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark
AU - Oldenwening, Marieke
AU - Pennanen, Arto
AU - Probst-Hensch, Nicole
AU - Quass, Ulrich
AU - Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole
AU - Ranzi, Andrea
AU - Stephanou, Euripides
AU - Sugiri, Dorothee
AU - Udvardy, Orsolya
AU - Vaskoevi, Eva
AU - Weinmayr, Gudrun
AU - Brunekreef, Bert
AU - Hoek, Gerard
PY - 2012/12
Y1 - 2012/12
N2 - The ESCAPE study (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) investigates relationships between long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and health using cohort studies across Europe. This paper analyses the spatial variation of PM2.5. PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse concentrations between and within 20 study areas across Europe.We measured NO2, NOx, PM2.5. PM2.5 absorbance and PM10 between October 2008 and April 2011 using standardized methods. PMcoarse was determined as the difference between PM10 and PM2.5. In each of the twenty study areas, we selected twenty PM monitoring sites to represent the variability in important air quality predictors, including population density, traffic intensity and altitude. Each site was monitored over three 14-day periods spread over a year, using Harvard impactors. Results for each site were averaged after correcting for temporal variation using data obtained from a reference site, which was operated year-round.Substantial concentration differences were observed between and within study areas. Concentrations for all components were higher in Southern Europe than in Western and Northern Europe, but the pattern differed per component with the highest average PM2.5 concentrations found in Turin and the highest PMcoarse in Heraklion. Street/urban background concentration ratios for PMcoarse (mean ratio 1.42) were as large as for PM2.5 absorbance (mean ratio 1.38) and higher than those for PM2.5 (1.14) and PM10 (1.23), documenting the importance of non-tailpipe emissions. Correlations between components varied between areas, but were generally high between NO2 and PM2.5 absorbance (average R-2 = 0.80). Correlations between PM2.5 and PMcoarse were lower (average R-2 = 039). Despite high correlations, concentration ratios between components varied, e.g. the NO2/PM2.5 ratio varied between 0.67 and 3.06.In conclusion, substantial variability was found in spatial patterns of PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse. The highly standardized measurement of particle concentrations across Europe will contribute to a consistent assessment of health effects across Europe. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
AB - The ESCAPE study (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) investigates relationships between long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and health using cohort studies across Europe. This paper analyses the spatial variation of PM2.5. PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse concentrations between and within 20 study areas across Europe.We measured NO2, NOx, PM2.5. PM2.5 absorbance and PM10 between October 2008 and April 2011 using standardized methods. PMcoarse was determined as the difference between PM10 and PM2.5. In each of the twenty study areas, we selected twenty PM monitoring sites to represent the variability in important air quality predictors, including population density, traffic intensity and altitude. Each site was monitored over three 14-day periods spread over a year, using Harvard impactors. Results for each site were averaged after correcting for temporal variation using data obtained from a reference site, which was operated year-round.Substantial concentration differences were observed between and within study areas. Concentrations for all components were higher in Southern Europe than in Western and Northern Europe, but the pattern differed per component with the highest average PM2.5 concentrations found in Turin and the highest PMcoarse in Heraklion. Street/urban background concentration ratios for PMcoarse (mean ratio 1.42) were as large as for PM2.5 absorbance (mean ratio 1.38) and higher than those for PM2.5 (1.14) and PM10 (1.23), documenting the importance of non-tailpipe emissions. Correlations between components varied between areas, but were generally high between NO2 and PM2.5 absorbance (average R-2 = 0.80). Correlations between PM2.5 and PMcoarse were lower (average R-2 = 039). Despite high correlations, concentration ratios between components varied, e.g. the NO2/PM2.5 ratio varied between 0.67 and 3.06.In conclusion, substantial variability was found in spatial patterns of PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse. The highly standardized measurement of particle concentrations across Europe will contribute to a consistent assessment of health effects across Europe. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KW - Traffic
KW - PM2.5
KW - PM10
KW - Coarse particle
KW - Soot
KW - Spatial variation
KW - PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION
KW - LONG-TERM EXPOSURE
KW - EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE
KW - ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION
KW - AIRBORNE PARTICLES
KW - BACKGROUND SITES
KW - NITROGEN-DIOXIDE
KW - DAILY MORTALITY
KW - SAHARAN DUST
KW - LUNG-CANCER
U2 - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.038
DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.038
M3 - Article (Academic Journal)
VL - 62
SP - 303
EP - 317
JO - Atmospheric Environment
JF - Atmospheric Environment
SN - 1352-2310
ER -