Spread complexity and localization in PT-symmetric systems

We present a framework for investigating wave function spreading in 𝒫𝒯-symmetric quantum systems using spread complexity and spread entropy. We consider a tight-binding chain with complex on-site potentials at the boundary sites. In the 𝒫𝒯-unbroken phase, the wave function is delocalized. We find that in the 𝒫𝒯-broken phase, it becomes localized on one edge of the tight-binding lattice. This localization is a realization of the non-Hermitian skin effect. Localization in the 𝒫𝒯-broken phase is observed both in the lattice chain basis and the Krylov basis. Spread entropy, entropic complexity, and a further measure that we term the Krylov inverse participation ratio probe the dynamics of wave function spreading and quantify the strength of localization probed in the Krylov basis. The number of Krylov basis vectors required to store the information of the state reduces with the strength of localization. Our results demonstrate how measures in Krylov space can be used to characterize the non-Hermitian skin effect and its localization phase transition.