The principles of cascading power limits in small, fast biologcial and engineered systems

Mark Ilton; M. Saad Bhamla; Xiaotian Ma; Suzanne M. Cox; Leah L. Fitchett; Yongjin Kim; Je sung Koh; Deepak Krishnamurthy; Chi Yun Kuo; Fatma Zeynep Temel; Alfred J. Crosby; Manu Prakash; Gregory P. Sutton; Robert J. Wood; Emanuel Azizi; Sarah Bergbreiter; S. N. Patek

doi:10.1126/science.aao1082

The principles of cascading power limits in small, fast biologcial and engineered systems

Mark Ilton, M. Saad Bhamla, Xiaotian Ma, Suzanne M. Cox, Leah L. Fitchett, Yongjin Kim, Je sung Koh, Deepak Krishnamurthy, Chi Yun Kuo, Fatma Zeynep Temel, Alfred J. Crosby, Manu Prakash, Gregory P. Sutton, Robert J. Wood, Emanuel Azizi, Sarah Bergbreiter, S. N. Patek^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

School of Biological Sciences

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article (Academic Journal) › peer-review

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Abstract

Mechanical power limitations emerge from the inextricable, physical trade-off between force and velocity. Whether power is measured in launching missiles or running humans, it is impossible to maximize both force and velocity. Many biological systems incorporate powerenhancing mechanisms to great effect, enabling accelerations that exceed bullets and missiles; yet how these mechanisms actually enhance power output is not clear. Here we establish
how power enhancement emerges through dynamic coupling of motors, springs, and latches. Power output of motors can be enhanced by springs only under particular conditions and the power dynamics (and limitations) of springs are influenced by their own mass, mechanical properties, and time-dependent behavior. Latch mechanisms mediate potential energy storage
and the rate of energy transfer from a spring to a projectile. The integration of mathematical, physical, engineering, and evolutionary approaches illuminates the cascading challenges of power enhancement and their emergent effects in biological and engineered systems.

Original language	English
Article number	397
Journal	Science
Volume	360
Issue number	6387
Early online date	27 Apr 2018
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao1082 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao1082
Publication status	Published - 27 Apr 2018

Keywords

Biomechanics
Elastic
Jumping
High Speed Motion

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Ilton, M., Saad Bhamla, M., Ma, X., Cox, S. M., Fitchett, L. L., Kim, Y., Koh, J. S., Krishnamurthy, D., Kuo, C. Y., Temel, F. Z., Crosby, A. J., Prakash, M., Sutton, G. P., Wood, R. J., Azizi, E., Bergbreiter, S., & Patek, S. N. (2018). The principles of cascading power limits in small, fast biologcial and engineered systems. Science, 360(6387), Article 397. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao1082, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao1082

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title = "The principles of cascading power limits in small, fast biologcial and engineered systems",

abstract = "Mechanical power limitations emerge from the inextricable, physical trade-off between force and velocity. Whether power is measured in launching missiles or running humans, it is impossible to maximize both force and velocity. Many biological systems incorporate powerenhancing mechanisms to great effect, enabling accelerations that exceed bullets and missiles; yet how these mechanisms actually enhance power output is not clear. Here we establishhow power enhancement emerges through dynamic coupling of motors, springs, and latches. Power output of motors can be enhanced by springs only under particular conditions and the power dynamics (and limitations) of springs are influenced by their own mass, mechanical properties, and time-dependent behavior. Latch mechanisms mediate potential energy storageand the rate of energy transfer from a spring to a projectile. The integration of mathematical, physical, engineering, and evolutionary approaches illuminates the cascading challenges of power enhancement and their emergent effects in biological and engineered systems.",

keywords = "Biomechanics, Elastic, Jumping, High Speed Motion",

author = "Mark Ilton and \{Saad Bhamla\}, M. and Xiaotian Ma and Cox, \{Suzanne M.\} and Fitchett, \{Leah L.\} and Yongjin Kim and Koh, \{Je sung\} and Deepak Krishnamurthy and Kuo, \{Chi Yun\} and Temel, \{Fatma Zeynep\} and Crosby, \{Alfred J.\} and Manu Prakash and Sutton, \{Gregory P.\} and Wood, \{Robert J.\} and Emanuel Azizi and Sarah Bergbreiter and Patek, \{S. N.\}",

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Ilton, M, Saad Bhamla, M, Ma, X, Cox, SM, Fitchett, LL, Kim, Y, Koh, JS, Krishnamurthy, D, Kuo, CY, Temel, FZ, Crosby, AJ, Prakash, M, Sutton, GP, Wood, RJ, Azizi, E, Bergbreiter, S & Patek, SN 2018, 'The principles of cascading power limits in small, fast biologcial and engineered systems', Science, vol. 360, no. 6387, 397. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao1082, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao1082

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AU - Ilton, Mark

AU - Saad Bhamla, M.

AU - Ma, Xiaotian

AU - Cox, Suzanne M.

AU - Fitchett, Leah L.

AU - Kim, Yongjin

AU - Koh, Je sung

AU - Krishnamurthy, Deepak

AU - Kuo, Chi Yun

AU - Temel, Fatma Zeynep

AU - Crosby, Alfred J.

AU - Prakash, Manu

AU - Sutton, Gregory P.

AU - Wood, Robert J.

AU - Azizi, Emanuel

AU - Bergbreiter, Sarah

AU - Patek, S. N.

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N2 - Mechanical power limitations emerge from the inextricable, physical trade-off between force and velocity. Whether power is measured in launching missiles or running humans, it is impossible to maximize both force and velocity. Many biological systems incorporate powerenhancing mechanisms to great effect, enabling accelerations that exceed bullets and missiles; yet how these mechanisms actually enhance power output is not clear. Here we establishhow power enhancement emerges through dynamic coupling of motors, springs, and latches. Power output of motors can be enhanced by springs only under particular conditions and the power dynamics (and limitations) of springs are influenced by their own mass, mechanical properties, and time-dependent behavior. Latch mechanisms mediate potential energy storageand the rate of energy transfer from a spring to a projectile. The integration of mathematical, physical, engineering, and evolutionary approaches illuminates the cascading challenges of power enhancement and their emergent effects in biological and engineered systems.

AB - Mechanical power limitations emerge from the inextricable, physical trade-off between force and velocity. Whether power is measured in launching missiles or running humans, it is impossible to maximize both force and velocity. Many biological systems incorporate powerenhancing mechanisms to great effect, enabling accelerations that exceed bullets and missiles; yet how these mechanisms actually enhance power output is not clear. Here we establishhow power enhancement emerges through dynamic coupling of motors, springs, and latches. Power output of motors can be enhanced by springs only under particular conditions and the power dynamics (and limitations) of springs are influenced by their own mass, mechanical properties, and time-dependent behavior. Latch mechanisms mediate potential energy storageand the rate of energy transfer from a spring to a projectile. The integration of mathematical, physical, engineering, and evolutionary approaches illuminates the cascading challenges of power enhancement and their emergent effects in biological and engineered systems.

KW - Biomechanics

KW - Elastic

KW - Jumping

KW - High Speed Motion

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The principles of cascading power limits in small, fast biologcial and engineered systems

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Keywords

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