The Validation of the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management Among Parents of Children Wearing a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor

Áron Hölgyesi; Andrea Luczay; Péter Tóth-Heyn; Eszter Muzslay; Eszter Világos; Attila J. Szabó; Petra Baji; Levente Kovács; László Gulácsi; Zsombor Zrubka; Márta Péntek

doi:10.3390/biomedicines13061309

The Validation of the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management Among Parents of Children Wearing a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor

Áron Hölgyesi^*, Andrea Luczay, Péter Tóth-Heyn, Eszter Muzslay, Eszter Világos, Attila J. Szabó, Petra Baji, Levente Kovács, László Gulácsi, Zsombor Zrubka, Márta Péntek

^*Corresponding author for this work

Bristol Medical School (THS)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article (Academic Journal) › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Parental involvement is essential in managing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children, particularly with the growing use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Validated tools assessing parental self-efficacy in this context remain limited. This study aimed to validate the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management (PSESDM) among parents of children using a CGM sensor and to examine its associations with diabetes outcomes and parental characteristics.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 106 parent–child dyads at a university pediatric diabetes center. Parents completed the Hungarian PSESDM. Data regarding children’s HbA1c level were recorded, along with standard measures of their general and diabetes-specific quality of life (EQ-5D-Y-3L, PedsQL Diab); data regarding parents’ health literacy (Chew), fear of hypoglycemia (HFS), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), and capability well-being (ICECAP-A) were also collected. The PSESDM’s reliability, internal consistency, and discriminant and criterion validity were assessed using standard statistical methods.

Results: The PSESDM demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.857) and strong item–total correlations (range: 0.678–0.791). Higher parental self-efficacy was significantly associated with better glucose control (lower HbA1c, r_s = −0.50) and weakly correlated with the child’s diabetes-specific quality of life (r_s = 0.20). Among parental characteristics, self-efficacy correlated strongly with capability well-being (r_s = 0.52), moderately with health literacy (r_s = −0.30), and showed no difference between socio-demographic subgroups, except for the subgroup related to income. Conclusions: The PSESDM is a valid and reliable tool for measuring self-efficacy in parents of children with T1DM using CGM sensors. Its associations with children’s HbA1c levels, diabetes-specific quality of life, and parental characteristics support its clinical relevance and potential use in identifying families at risk for poorer diabetes outcomes.

Original language	English
Article number	1309
Number of pages	17
Journal	Biomedicines
Volume	13
Issue number	6
Early online date	27 May 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061309
Publication status	Published - 1 Jun 2025

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Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 by the authors.

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

Research Groups and Themes

HEHP@Bristol

Keywords

capability well-being
glucose control
health-related quality of life
parental self-efficacy
patient-reported outcome measures
pediatric diabetes

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Hölgyesi, Á., Luczay, A., Tóth-Heyn, P., Muzslay, E., Világos, E., Szabó, A. J., Baji, P., Kovács, L., Gulácsi, L., Zrubka, Z., & Péntek, M. (2025). The Validation of the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management Among Parents of Children Wearing a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor. Biomedicines, 13(6), Article 1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061309

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title = "The Validation of the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management Among Parents of Children Wearing a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor",

abstract = "Background/Objectives: Parental involvement is essential in managing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children, particularly with the growing use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Validated tools assessing parental self-efficacy in this context remain limited. This study aimed to validate the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management (PSESDM) among parents of children using a CGM sensor and to examine its associations with diabetes outcomes and parental characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 106 parent–child dyads at a university pediatric diabetes center. Parents completed the Hungarian PSESDM. Data regarding children{\textquoteright}s HbA1c level were recorded, along with standard measures of their general and diabetes-specific quality of life (EQ-5D-Y-3L, PedsQL Diab); data regarding parents{\textquoteright} health literacy (Chew), fear of hypoglycemia (HFS), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), and capability well-being (ICECAP-A) were also collected. The PSESDM{\textquoteright}s reliability, internal consistency, and discriminant and criterion validity were assessed using standard statistical methods. Results: The PSESDM demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α = 0.857) and strong item–total correlations (range: 0.678–0.791). Higher parental self-efficacy was significantly associated with better glucose control (lower HbA1c, rs = −0.50) and weakly correlated with the child{\textquoteright}s diabetes-specific quality of life (rs = 0.20). Among parental characteristics, self-efficacy correlated strongly with capability well-being (rs = 0.52), moderately with health literacy (rs = −0.30), and showed no difference between socio-demographic subgroups, except for the subgroup related to income. Conclusions: The PSESDM is a valid and reliable tool for measuring self-efficacy in parents of children with T1DM using CGM sensors. Its associations with children{\textquoteright}s HbA1c levels, diabetes-specific quality of life, and parental characteristics support its clinical relevance and potential use in identifying families at risk for poorer diabetes outcomes.",

keywords = "capability well-being, glucose control, health-related quality of life, parental self-efficacy, patient-reported outcome measures, pediatric diabetes",

author = "{\'A}ron H{\"o}lgyesi and Andrea Luczay and P{\'e}ter T{\'o}th-Heyn and Eszter Muzslay and Eszter Vil{\'a}gos and Szab{\'o}, \{Attila J.\} and Petra Baji and Levente Kov{\'a}cs and L{\'a}szl{\'o} Gul{\'a}csi and Zsombor Zrubka and M{\'a}rta P{\'e}ntek",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 by the authors.",

year = "2025",

month = jun,

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doi = "10.3390/biomedicines13061309",

language = "English",

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Hölgyesi, Á, Luczay, A, Tóth-Heyn, P, Muzslay, E, Világos, E, Szabó, AJ, Baji, P, Kovács, L, Gulácsi, L, Zrubka, Z & Péntek, M 2025, 'The Validation of the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management Among Parents of Children Wearing a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor', Biomedicines, vol. 13, no. 6, 1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061309

TY - JOUR

T1 - The Validation of the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management Among Parents of Children Wearing a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor

AU - Hölgyesi, Áron

AU - Luczay, Andrea

AU - Tóth-Heyn, Péter

AU - Muzslay, Eszter

AU - Világos, Eszter

AU - Szabó, Attila J.

AU - Baji, Petra

AU - Kovács, Levente

AU - Gulácsi, László

AU - Zrubka, Zsombor

AU - Péntek, Márta

PY - 2025/6/1

Y1 - 2025/6/1

N2 - Background/Objectives: Parental involvement is essential in managing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children, particularly with the growing use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Validated tools assessing parental self-efficacy in this context remain limited. This study aimed to validate the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management (PSESDM) among parents of children using a CGM sensor and to examine its associations with diabetes outcomes and parental characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 106 parent–child dyads at a university pediatric diabetes center. Parents completed the Hungarian PSESDM. Data regarding children’s HbA1c level were recorded, along with standard measures of their general and diabetes-specific quality of life (EQ-5D-Y-3L, PedsQL Diab); data regarding parents’ health literacy (Chew), fear of hypoglycemia (HFS), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), and capability well-being (ICECAP-A) were also collected. The PSESDM’s reliability, internal consistency, and discriminant and criterion validity were assessed using standard statistical methods. Results: The PSESDM demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.857) and strong item–total correlations (range: 0.678–0.791). Higher parental self-efficacy was significantly associated with better glucose control (lower HbA1c, rs = −0.50) and weakly correlated with the child’s diabetes-specific quality of life (rs = 0.20). Among parental characteristics, self-efficacy correlated strongly with capability well-being (rs = 0.52), moderately with health literacy (rs = −0.30), and showed no difference between socio-demographic subgroups, except for the subgroup related to income. Conclusions: The PSESDM is a valid and reliable tool for measuring self-efficacy in parents of children with T1DM using CGM sensors. Its associations with children’s HbA1c levels, diabetes-specific quality of life, and parental characteristics support its clinical relevance and potential use in identifying families at risk for poorer diabetes outcomes.

AB - Background/Objectives: Parental involvement is essential in managing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children, particularly with the growing use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Validated tools assessing parental self-efficacy in this context remain limited. This study aimed to validate the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management (PSESDM) among parents of children using a CGM sensor and to examine its associations with diabetes outcomes and parental characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 106 parent–child dyads at a university pediatric diabetes center. Parents completed the Hungarian PSESDM. Data regarding children’s HbA1c level were recorded, along with standard measures of their general and diabetes-specific quality of life (EQ-5D-Y-3L, PedsQL Diab); data regarding parents’ health literacy (Chew), fear of hypoglycemia (HFS), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), and capability well-being (ICECAP-A) were also collected. The PSESDM’s reliability, internal consistency, and discriminant and criterion validity were assessed using standard statistical methods. Results: The PSESDM demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.857) and strong item–total correlations (range: 0.678–0.791). Higher parental self-efficacy was significantly associated with better glucose control (lower HbA1c, rs = −0.50) and weakly correlated with the child’s diabetes-specific quality of life (rs = 0.20). Among parental characteristics, self-efficacy correlated strongly with capability well-being (rs = 0.52), moderately with health literacy (rs = −0.30), and showed no difference between socio-demographic subgroups, except for the subgroup related to income. Conclusions: The PSESDM is a valid and reliable tool for measuring self-efficacy in parents of children with T1DM using CGM sensors. Its associations with children’s HbA1c levels, diabetes-specific quality of life, and parental characteristics support its clinical relevance and potential use in identifying families at risk for poorer diabetes outcomes.

KW - capability well-being

KW - glucose control

KW - health-related quality of life

KW - parental self-efficacy

KW - patient-reported outcome measures

KW - pediatric diabetes

U2 - 10.3390/biomedicines13061309

DO - 10.3390/biomedicines13061309

M3 - Article (Academic Journal)

C2 - 40564028

AN - SCOPUS:105009022298

SN - 2227-9059

VL - 13

JO - Biomedicines

JF - Biomedicines

IS - 6

M1 - 1309

ER -

The Validation of the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Diabetes Management Among Parents of Children Wearing a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor

Abstract

Bibliographical note

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Keywords

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