VPRS-Based regional decision fusion of CNN and MRF classifications for very fine resolution remotely sensed images

Recent advances in computer vision and pattern recognition have demonstrated the superiority of deep neural networks using spatial feature representation, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), for image classification. However, any classifier, regardless of its model structure (deep or shallow), involves prediction uncertainty when classifying spatially and spectrally complicated very fine spatial resolution (VFSR) imagery. We propose here to characterize the uncertainty distribution of CNN classification and integrate it into a regional decision fusion to increase classification accuracy. Specifically, a variable precision rough set (VPRS) model is proposed to quantify the uncertainty within CNN classifications of VFSR imagery and partition this uncertainty into positive regions (correct classifications) and nonpositive regions (uncertain or incorrect classifications). Those 'more correct' areas were trusted by the CNN, whereas the uncertain areas were rectified by a multilayer perceptron (MLP)-based Markov random field (MLP-MRF) classifier to provide crisp and accurate boundary delineation. The proposed MRF-CNN fusion decision strategy exploited the complementary characteristics of the two classifiers based on VPRS uncertainty description and classification integration. The effectiveness of the MRF-CNN method was tested in both urban and rural areas of southern England as well as semantic labeling data sets. The MRF-CNN consistently outperformed the benchmark MLP, support vector machine, MLP-MRF, CNN, and the baseline methods. This paper provides a regional decision fusion framework within which to gain the advantages of model-based CNN, while overcoming the problem of losing effective resolution and uncertain prediction at object boundaries, which is especially pertinent for complex VFSR image classification.