Where to Next? Modernising Environmental Commitments in EU-Latin America Free Trade Agreements

The European Union (EU) is renegotiating its trade agreements with Latin American States. The core objective of this process is to modernise the Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD) chapters of these agreements. As such, this article critically examines the prospects of the modernised TSD chapters in the Chile-EU Association Agreement and the EU-Mexico Global Agreement, drawing lessons for the potential amendment of the EU-Andes Agreement. For this purpose, the article addresses the modernisation process of the EU-Chile Association Agreement by surveying Chile’s negotiating practice in incorporating environment and climate change-related provisions in trade agreements. It compares the evolution of these provisions within the EU’s practice and discusses the convergence or divergence of views that have shaped the existing agreement. Additionally, it explores the possible future review process of the TSD chapter in the agreement. Furthermore, the article discusses the ongoing renegotiating process of the Global Agreement between the EU and Mexico. It examines the opportunity to enhance the current environmental protection disciplines in this agreement. Finally, the article evaluates how these experiences can inform a future renegotiation of the EU-Andes Agreement, with a focus on prioritising the Parties' nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement.