Abstract
This thesis aims to critically re-evaluate the state of Three-dimensional modelling within the field of archaeology by shifting the focus from physical fidelity to the rigour of interpretation. This is achieved with a focus on its pivotal role in documenting and reconstructing built structures, particularly domestic buildings, during and after excavation.While the reconstruction of historical architecture has faced criticism, rooted in the challenge of achieving objectivity, this research seeks to shift the paradigm. Instead of striving for elusive objectivity, a closer focus on the methodological soundness and frameworks used should be taken. The aim is to redirect critique from the physical fidelity of the reconstruction to the rigour of the interpretation, whilst providing frameworks to support the objectivity of that interpretation.
This is achieved through the application of three-dimensional recording techniques such as photogrammetry — a method of ‘scanning’ an object using a series of photos — Finite Element Analysis — a method to establish if a hypothetical structure could withstand loads and forces — and methods for visually categorising levels of certainty. These are situated within a broader framework of methods to ensure ease of integration into the established processes of archaeological excavation.
Although the use of these individual methods is not new, the diffuse research on methods and techniques of three-dimensional recording and modelling has led to a diverse selection of isolated case studies, with very little attempt to unify the approaches into a single framework. As a result, the field of archaeology is experiencing a scattered introduction of three-dimensional techniques with the potential benefits hidden behind complex, highly technical papers or glossy, well-funded façades and a lack of cohesive integration of three-dimensional recording and three-dimensional modelling techniques.
This thesis aims to tackle these issues by explicitly exploring how broadly applicable the integration of these methods is to archaeologists. This involves both a discussion of benefits to research and understanding, as well as efficiency and benefits to broader research beyond a single site. This is achieved through establishing a framework of methodologies to allow the direct integration of reconstitution within the archaeological process.
Through the establishment and critical analysis of this proposed framework at a series of case studies, this thesis identifies four key findings. Firstly, there are significant factors that undermine the objectivity of Finite Element Analysis. Secondly, there are issues with established approaches to conducting photogrammetric surveys. Thirdly, there are gaps in the standards and best practices for integrating digital data into archaeological practice that fundamentally undermine the archaeological process. Finally, this thesis illustrates the requirement for well-researched and well-tested methodologies and frameworks that consider costs and emotional labour.
Consequently, this thesis offers a radical framework unifying three-dimensional recording and reconstruction in archaeology, providing much-needed standardisation and methodological rigour. This has been achieved by critically evaluating its success at three challenging archaeological sites, illustrating its broad applicability and potential for adoption by those who manage our standards and practices, such as the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA).
Although limited in scope due to the constraints of single-researcher capacity and the COVID-19 pandemic, this work serves as a call to action. It advocates for a holistic approach that not only enhances the quality of reconstructions but also promotes robust data management, integration of various methodologies, and long-term sustainability of archaeological interventions.
Ultimately, this thesis issues a call to action, inviting the archaeological community to embrace a holistic approach. By prioritising precision, robust data management, and interdisciplinary integration, an enriched understanding of the past and the legacy of archaeological research and practice endures.
Date of Award | 7 May 2024 |
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Original language | English |
Awarding Institution |
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Supervisor | Shelley J Hales (Supervisor), Joanna M Bruck (Supervisor) & Stuart J Prior (Supervisor) |
Keywords
- Archaeology
- Three-Dimensional Modelling
- Digital Archaeology
- photogrammetry
- Finite Element Analysis
- Architectural Reconstruction
- Built Structures
- Visualization
- Data Management
- BIM
- Reconstruction
- Recording